1、医学英语视听说(第二版)Unit Ten Contagious DiseasesMedical English Communication:Listening and Speaking(2nd edition)1ContentsPart I Contagious Diseases:History and DevelopmentPart II Treatment and MedicinePart III More Threats and SolutionsPart IV Further Thinking2Part IContagious Diseases:History and Developm
2、ent3Part IContagious Diseases:History and DevelopmentVideo OneHistory of Fighting EpidemicsVideo TwoViruses and Bacteria4Video One History of Fighting Epidemics5Think and Talk I heard about the Black Death before.It traveled in the 14th century in Europe,causing a severe death toll.Some estimates th
3、at it wiped out over half of Europes population.I know a little about Spanish Flu.I once read from a book that says the Spanish flu didnt start in Spain.Spain was a neutral region during the war and did not enforce strict censorship of press.which could therefore freely publish early accounts of the
4、 illness.As a result,people falsely believed the illness started from Spain.Ive been through SARS and COVID-19 pandemic.The viruses of these two can transmit on air and are very infectious.We have to wear masks and practice social distancing and hygiene measures.I hope there will be no epidemic at a
5、ll in the future.Reference6Part I-Video OneTask One:Multiple ChoiceWatch and Do1.D 2.B3.B 4.A5.B 7Part I-Video OneTask Two:DubbingOmittedSuggestion:Pay attention to use the pace,volume,and pitch of your voice to convey a sense of gravity.Watch and Do8Part I-Video OneVideo Two Viruses and Bacteria9Th
6、ink and Talk Considering the prevalence of obesity,heart diseases and lung diseases among older people,it makes good sense to focus on a healthy lifestyle from now on.Youll need a healthy diet and try to eat foods from all the food groups including vegetables,fruits,whole grain products and fat-free
7、 or low-fat dairy products.When you age over 30,regular check-ups are recommended.Also,you should avoid drinking and smoking.Moreover,regular sports and outdoor activities may contribute to a good health.Dont stay indoor surfing online or playing computer games!Go out,and take in more fresh air in t
8、he natural environment.Reference10Part I-Video TwoTask One:True or FalseWatch and Do1.T 2.T3.F 4.F5.T 11Part I-Video TwoWatch and DoTask Two:Blank Filling(1)host (2)multiply (3)organisms (4)division (5)favorable(6)intestines (7)digestion (8)immunity (9)diarrhea (10)fatigue12Part I-Video TwoPart II T
9、reatment and Medicine13Part IITreatment and MedicineVideo OneDiscovery of Penicillin Video TwoArtemisinin and Tu Youyou14Video One Discovery of Penicillin 15Think and Talk Yes,I have taken antibiotic drugs before to treat strep throat and bacterial pneumonias.They were particularly useful to cure th
10、ese two conditions.However,I found the antibiotics are not effective for common cold.As for the side effects,sometimes I lost appetite and felt nausea after I took it.There are a few times that I had a diarrhea.Reference16Part II-Video OneWatch and DoTask One:True or False(1)T (2)F (3)F (4)T (5)F17P
11、art II-Video OneTask Two:Description Penicillin was discovered by the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming in 1928 accidentally.He left his lab to go on vacation without cleaning up.When he came back,he found mold had developed on a contaminated sample of staphylococci.Remarkably,the mold had killed
12、 the surrounding bacteria.The mold was named as penicillin.Watch and DoWatch and Do18Part II-Video OneTask Two:Description Penicillin can kill the bacteria and was hailed as a miracle drug that saved countless lives during World War Two.Its discovery sparked the hunt for other antibiotics that are u
13、sed today in everything from vaccines to cancer drugs.Despite the huge benefits,it might not be effective forever.The antibiotic resistance has become a problem to the world.New antibiotics has to be found to kill the bacteria.Watch and DoWatch and Do19Part II-Video OneVideo Two Artemisinin and Tu Y
14、ouyou20Think and Talk I think Traditional Chinese Medicine is very useful to restore the bodys balance and harmony,keeping you healthy in a holistic way.I prefer to use it when I want to treat some chronic diseases,such as indigestion.Usually,I need to take herbal medications which are extracted fro
15、m natural substances.Sometimes,I will have tui na massages to help ease my back pain and restore the flow of the body.Traditional Chinese Medicine is different from western medicine and they can be combined with each other to treat diseases.Reference21Part II-Video TwoTask One:Questions and Answers1
16、.Tu Youyou was willing to risk her own life to find a cure for malaria and bring it to the world.2.Its a task given by Chairman Mao to help Vietnamese soldiers who was bitten by malaria carrying insects and left incapacitated.Watch and Do22Part II-Video TwoTask One:Questions and Answers3.She scoured
17、 the ancient text and found a preparation in a book written in the 4th century by Chinese scholar Gee Hong.4.The key is extracting it at a lower temperature,mimicking the original formula.5.Tu volunteered to test the drug on herself.Watch and Do23Part II-Video TwoTask Two:RetellingWatch and Do24Part
18、 II-Video Two Tu Youyou is an exceptional scientist,willing to risk her own life to find a cure for malaria and bring it to the world.However,before 2015,she was not known to the world.Her story was uncovered by two American scientists Louis and Sue.Tu was involved in the Project 523,launched by Cha
19、irman Mao to help Vietnamese soldiers find a cure for malaria.She scoured hundreds of old manuscripts to look for a traditional herbal remedy that might form the basis of a cureTask Two:RetellingWatch and Do25Part II-Video Two After endless trying,she found a preparation in a book written in the 4th
20、 century by Chinese scholar Gee Hong.Take a handful of artemisia annua,soak in two litres of water,extrude juice and take it all.She tested the new drug on a cluster of malarial cells and succeeded in killing every cell.However,the effects on animals varied.To find out if the drug was safe and effec
21、tive to humans,she volunteered to test it on herself.The drug was proved to be successful!Tus discovery of artemisinin saved millions of lives and was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Part IIIMore Threats and SolutionsVideo OneAntibiotic ResistanceVideo ThreeWhere Do New Virus
22、Come FromVideo Two26Development of VaccineVideo FourHerd ImmunityVideo OneAntibiotic Resistance27Think and Talk I dont agree with such idea.The unnecessary or excessive use of antibiotics can cause many dangerous side effects.For example,the antibiotic resistance,which means the bacteria become resi
23、stant to the antibiotics that once worked well.Treating these resistant bacteria would need higher doses of drugs or stronger antibiotics.Antibiotic resistance has become a widespread problem.Overuse of antibiotics can cause other problems,such as the diarrhea.This is because antibiotics kill the go
24、od bacteria which help digest food.So dont use antibiotics unless its necessary.For example,if you catch a cold caused by virus infection,just let it run the course.Take a good rest and let your immunity system fight against it.Reference28Part III-Video OneTask One:Error Correction1.The total biomas
25、s of bacteria is greater than that of all plants and animals combined.2.A few bacteria are harmful to human and can cause infections,from minor inconveniences to deadly epidemics.3.The problem of antibiotic resistance is not caused by antibiotics,but by the bacteria they were made to fight.Watch and
26、 Do29Part III-Video OneTask One:Error Correction4.Mutated genes are passed along by reproduction of bacteria,release of DNA upon death to be picked up by other bacteria,and conjugation.5.The solution to antibiotic resistance is to develop alternate treatment and curb the excessive and unnecessary us
27、e of antibiotics.Watch and Do30Part III-Video OneTask Two:Discussion Im not sure its a good idea to use antibiotics for your sore throat.A sore throat can have many causes.Only the one caused by a bacterial infection needs the prescription of antibiotics.Otherwise,you dont need to use it.Take some r
28、est,drink more water and other lifestyle changes can help you recover.Unnecessary use of antibiotics can cause the resistance,which means you need more powerful antibiotics to be effective for muted bacteria.So dont take antibiotics unless its necessary.Watch and Do31Part III-Video OneVideo TwoWhere
29、 Do New Virus Come From32Think and Talk To prevent ourselves from COVID-19 pandemic,we need to practice social distancing,that is,avoid going to the crowded places and large gathering activities.Besides,we need to disinfect ourselves after coming home,using soup or disinfectant.Facial masks are a mu
30、st when being outside.Make sure the mask covers the nose and mouth.Since the virus is spread from the respiratory droplets,we need to follow the respiratory etiquette when we sneeze and cough.Reference33Part III-Video TwoWatch and DoTask One:Blank Filling(1)genetically (2)specimen (3)evolved (4)gene
31、s (5)Coronaviruses(6)spikes (7)reproduce (8)mutations (9)spillover (10)extinct34Part III-Video TwoTask Two:Retelling COVID-19 virus may come from an evolved older animal-infecting coronavirus.Although the protein spikes of the coronaviruses are very selective about the host species,there could be a
32、mutation during the reproduction,causing the spillover infection.That is,the modified virus has spilled over into a new type of host.During the early stages of the spillover event,the virus usually isnt very good at infecting its new host.However,natural selection will promote more positive mutation
33、s that help spread the virus better.This maybe the reason for COVID-19 virus.Watch and Do35Part III-Video TwoVideo ThreeDevelopment of Vaccine36Think and Talk I have been inoculated against chicken pox,measles and HPV before.Vaccines greatly reduce the risk of infection by working with the bodys nat
34、ural defenses to safely develop immunity to disease.When germs such as bacteria or viruses invade the body,they attack and multiply,causing an infection.The immune system uses several tools to fight infection,for example,the white cells including macrophages,B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.Reference
35、37Part III-Video ThreeThink and Talk The first time the body meets a germ,it can take several days to develop immune response against infection.After the infection,the immune system remembers what it learned about how to fight against the infection,due to B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.Vaccines hel
36、p develop immunity by imitating an infection,causing the immune system to produce T-lymphocytes and antibodies without causing illness.Reference38Part III-Video ThreeWatch and DoTask One:Multiple Choice1.D 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B39Part III-Video ThreeTask Two:Summary Smallpox,once an infectious and deadly d
37、isease,was conquered by the discovery of the vaccine by Edward Jenner in 1796.He was inspired by the dairymaid who claimed she would not get smallpox since she had cowpox.So Jenner decided to test whether the cowpox virus could be used to protect against smallpox.Watch and Do40Part III-Video ThreeTa
38、sk Two:Summary In May 1796,Jenner used matter from a dairymaids cowpox lesions to inoculate a eight-year-old boy.Then he inoculated the boy again with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion.No disease developed,and his plan had worked.After large vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centu
39、ries,the World Health Organization certified smallpoxs eradication in 1979.Jenner is forever remembered as the father of immunology.Watch and Do41Part III-Video ThreeVideo FourHerd Immunity42Think and Talk I once read about the herd immunity from news.I think its a way to fight against the infection
40、 by letting certain amount of population develop antibodies,so it can break the chain of transmission and protect those who dont have antibodies.Normally,we use vaccines to help people produce antibodies instead of exposing them to illness,which would be unethical and scientifically problematic.As t
41、o how many people should get antibodies varies according to different diseases,that is,the herd immunity threshold is different.For example,herd immunity against measles requires about 95%of a population to be vaccinated.Reference43Part III-Video FourWatch and DoTask One:Questions and Answers1.Basic
42、 Reproduction Number,or R0 is the number of cases that each infectious person generates.Its a measure of how transmissible the infection is.2.No,we only need to vaccinate certain amount of population to stop the chain of the infection instead of the whole population.3.Herd immunity means that as lon
43、g as a certain proportion of the population is vaccinated,the disease wont be able to transmit within that population.44Part III-Video FourWatch and DoTask One:Questions and Answers4.Herd immunity is especially useful for protecting members of the population who cant be vaccinated,perhaps because th
44、eyre too old,too young,or have weak immune systems.5.One of the big challenges is incorporating some of the complexities of reality into these mathematical models,for example,peoples unwillingness to get vaccinated.45Part III-Video FourTask Two:Discussion The World Health Organization(WHO)has listed
45、 vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten threats to global health in 2019.Despite the benefits that vaccine brings,some people are still hesitant to get it.There are some reasons that may explain their concern.The primary one is the lack of confidence or mistrust of the vaccine or healthcare provide
46、r.Another reason is the complacency,that is,the person does not see a need for the vaccine or does not see the value of the vaccine.Inconvenience or lack of easy access to vaccines could also lead to the vaccine hesitancy.Of course,there are other reasons such as the cultural and religion factors th
47、at could explain the situation.Watch and Do46Part III-Video FourPart VFurther Thinking47Further Thinking Contagious diseases are great challenges to the human beings.With the increasing connection between countries around the globe,the battle against contagious diseases calls for cooperation of every country to prevent the disease from spreading.Individuals also have their own responsibility to prevent or slow down the infection.What would you do in the battle against the contagious diseases?Make a speech on the topic of“A Challenge to All”and present in class.48Enjoy Learning！49
