1、医学英语视听说(第二版)Unit Ten Urinary SystemMedical English Communication:Listening and Speaking(2nd edition)1ContentsPart I Introduction to the Urinary System Part II Diseases Related to the Urinary SystemPart III Celebrity and DiseasePart IV Medical Terminology Related to the Urinary System2Part V Further
2、ThinkingPart IVideo:Introduction to the Urinary System3Think and TalkAlthough the primary role of the kidneys is excretion,they play more roles than are commonly realized:They filter the blood plasma and excrete the toxic metabolic wastes.They regulate blood volume,pressure,and osmolality by regulat
3、ing water output.They regulate the electrolyte and acidbase balance of the body fluids.They secrete the hormone erythropoietin,which stimulates the production of red blood cells and thus supports the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.They help to regulate calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism
4、by participating in the synthesis of calcitriol.Reference4Think and TalkThey clear hormones and drugs from the blood and thereby limit their action.They detoxify free radicals.In conditions of extreme starvation,they help to support the blood glucose level by synthesizing glucose from amino acids.In
5、 view of such diverse roles,it is easy to see why renal failure can lead to the collapse of many other physiological functions as well.Reference5Task One:Blank Filling(1)soluble (2)dehydration(3)urine(4)production(5)fluidWatch and Do(6)18-foot(7)absorbs(8)materials(9)blood stream (10)nutritional 6Ta
6、sk Two:Error Correction1.Our kidneys work as filter to preserve as much of our bodys water volume as possible.Healthy kidneys filter all the blood in our body every 30 minutes.2.A nephron consists of a bulb called Bowmans capsule,filled with cluster of capillaries called glomerulus,and a long twisti
7、ng tube called renal tubule.Blood flows from the renal artery into the glomerulus.Watch and Do7Task Two:Error Correction3.One kidney can absorb 125 milliliters of fluid per minute or 20 percent of all the fluid delivered via the renal arteries.This fluid is called filtrate,and in one day the glomeru
8、li produce about 180 liters of it.This is 70 times the total blood plasma volume in our bodies.4.The disease-diabetes insipidus,can cause death by dehydration.During the next step of filtration,called re-absorption,the filtrate passes from Bowmans capsule into the renal tubule.5.In the final step,ca
9、lled secretion,any solutes remaining in the capillaries that were not filtered out originally are secreted into what is left of the filtrate.Watch and Do8 Task Three:Description Our kidneys work as a filter to preserve our bodys water volume.They filter all the blood and remove urine which contains
10、cellular waste by-products.The filtering process involves three steps.The first step is called absorption.A nephron consists of a bulb called Bowmans capsule filled with glomerulus and a renal tubule.Blood flows into the glomerulus,and blood pressure forces much of the blood plasma,the fluid portion
11、 of the blood through the cell walls and into Bowmans capsule,called the filtrate.Watch and Do9 Task Three:Description During the next step of filtration,or re-absorption,the filtrate passes from Bowmans capsule into the renal tubule.Here most of the filtrate is re-absorbed back into the capillaries
12、 surrounding the tubule and return to the blood stream.This step allows needed water and nutritional substances to be maintained at a useful level in the blood stream.Waste,extra water and other substances are removed.In the final step,called secretion,solutes that were not filtered out originally a
13、re secreted into what is left of the filtrate.Watch and Do10Part II Diseases Related to the Urinary System11Part IIDiseases Related to the Urinary SystemVideo OneUrinary Tract InfectionVideo TwoChronic Kidney DiseaseAudioHeavy Smokers at Risk for Deadly Kidney Cancer12Video One Urinary Tract Infecti
14、on13Think and TalkSome risk factors that give rise to UTIs include:1.UTIs maybe hereditary and bladder infection may run in families.2.Actually,the urine formed by the kidney and stored in the bladder is sterile,but the germs around the rectal area could pass through the urethra into the urinary tra
15、ct.3.Sexual intercourse increases the chance of UTIs.4.People who have abnormity in unitary tract are at higher risks of catching UTIs,and using catheter for a long time help cause the disease as well.5.Other diseases such as diabetes affecting immune function become one of the risk factors for UTIs
16、.Reference14Part II-Video OneThink and Talk In most cases,UTIs can be treated easily.Some methods could be effective in preventing occurrence of UTIs.1.Urinate when you want to and dont hold it.2.Wipe from front to back after urination or bowel movement.3.Avoid using bubble sprays or other substance
17、s that irritate the urethra.4.Keep good hygiene habit.5.Drink plenty of water daily.Reference15Part II-Video OneWatch and DoTask One:Blank Filling(1)urine (2)bladder (3)stored (4)passed (5)sterile(6)cystitis (7)sensation (8)urination (9)infancy (10)anus16Part II-Video OneTask Two:Retelling The urina
18、ry system comprises of kidneys,ureters,bladder and urethra.The kidneys act as filter and remove waste from blood in the form of urine.The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder,where it is stored and passed from the body through the urethra.Normally,urine is sterile and is free from bac
19、teria and viruses.Watch and DoWatch and Do17Part II-Video OneTask Two:Retelling However,bacteria can enter the urinary system through the urethra,causing cystitis or urinary tract infection,UTI as it is commonly called.Symptoms of UTI include:a burning sensation when urinating,frequent urination con
20、sisting of small amounts of urine,and the presence of blood in urine.Urinary tract infections are very common.After infancy,UTIs occur more often in females because their urethra is shorter and is closer to the anus.If UTI is not detected and treated early,it can spread from the urethra to the bladd
21、er and kidneys.Watch and DoWatch and Do18Part II-Video OneVideo Two Chronic Kidney Disease19Think and Talk Chronic kidney disease is quite dangerous,and may present symptoms until serious,irreparable damage has occurred to kidneys.So having a regular check-up yearly in hospitals is necessary,especia
22、lly for those who have suffered from diabetes(both Type 1 and Type 2)and high blood pressure.A urine test and a blood test could be arranged to check kidney function.Stop smoking as soon as possible,which is hazardous to kidneys and increases other diseases risks like lung cancer and heart disease.D
23、rink water in moderation.At least 2 liters or 8 cups of water is enough for average humans daily fluid need,but drinking too much water may worsen the kidney impairment which has not been detected.Reference20Part II-Video TwoThink and Talk Maintain a healthy diet to lower the amount of cholesterol w
24、hich would increase the blood pressure.Alcohol intake puts people who have suffered high blood pressure at a more risky state to damage kidneys.Chronic kidney disease can also be caused by improper use of painkillers.Follow the instructions on the package of the medications and take prescribed dose
25、of medications suggested by the doctor.At last,moderate exercise is always healthy for ones body as well as kidneys,especially aerobic exercise outside the door.Reference21Part II-Video TwoTask One:Order Rearrangement7-4-8-2-6-3-1-5Watch and Do22Part II-Video TwoTask Two:True or False1.F 2.T 3.F 4.T
26、 5.FWatch and Do23Part II-Video TwoTask Two:Questions and Answers1.The major function of the kidney is to filter out all the toxins in our bodies.When it filters the blood,it re-absorbs all of the molecules that are of value to the body.And finally,it provides the major stimulus for red blood cell p
27、roduction.2.Its basically a painless disease.Some diseases that are not“silent diseases”include the myocardial infarction or heart attack.Watch and Do24Part II-Video TwoTask Two:Questions and Answers3.The symptoms of chronic kidney disease in the late course are lethargy,weakness,loss of appetite,ed
28、ema of the lower extremity,swelling at the ankles and above.4.Managing these conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure with diet,exercise and medication can significantly reduce the progression of chronic kidney disease.5.During dialysis,all the blood in your body is being filtered by a machi
29、ne.It takes on average about four hours,three times a week.Watch and Do25Part II-Video TwoAudioHeavy Smokers at Risk for Deadly Kidney Cancer26Think and Talk Its a person who smokes more than a pack or two of cigarettes a day.Of course heavy smoking is not good for your health but recently not only
30、how much you smoke but also how long you smoke is related to your developing life threatening disease.The World Health Organization(WHO)says that one of the most public health threatening thing may be tobacco use.And WHO also predicts that almost half of smokers may die from a disease that occurred
31、by smoking.One of the disease is advanced kidney cancer.Reference27Part II-AudioThink and Talk By the way why smoking increasing the rate of kidney cancer?Its because once you inhale cigarette smoke,the poisonous substance absorbed in lung blood and the blood are finally excreted to kidney.If one sm
32、okes up to 10 years,the risk getting kidney cancer only increased by 6 percent compared to nonsmokers.But if one smokes over 30 to 40 packs of years,your risk increased to 80 percent.Reference28Part II-AudioTask One:Topic IdentificationThe topics mentioned are:2,5,6 and 8.Listen and Do29Part II-Audi
33、oTask Two:Blank Filling(5)undergone surgery (6)factors (7)odds Listen and Do(1)seven million (2)stroke (3)bloodstream (4)indigestion 30Part II-AudioTask Three:Questions and Answers1.Unless a patient has some sort of pain,or perhaps blood in the urine,it may not come to their attention.2.Dr.Polascik
34、says the kidney cancer patients have been divided into three groups,current and former smokers and those who never smoked.Listen and Do31Part II-AudioTask Three:Questions and Answers3.Dr.Polascik says“After a number of decades,maybe 20 or 30 years of non-smoking or having quit smoking,ones odds will
35、 be almost the same as a non-smoker,but not quite”.The sooner they stop,the greater their chance of survival.4.“With these smaller tumors,we can typically surgically excise them,cut them out,and the survival rate is,like,in the order of 90 to 95 percent.Its quite high.”Listen and Do32Part II-AudioPa
36、rt IIICelebrity and DiseaseVideo OneWolfgang Amadeus MozartVideo TwoWillem Johan KolffVideo OneVideo Two33Video OneWolfgang Amadeus Mozart34Think and Talk Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27 January 1756,and manifested musical prodigy from his earliest childhood.Both competent on piano and violin
37、,he composed from an early age and performed in royal family.He travelled a lot to search a better position and composed productively.He chose to stay in the city of Vienna,where he achieved a huge fame yet little financial security.During his final years in the capital,he composed many best-known s
38、ymphonies,concertos,and operas,and portions of the Requiem,which was mostly unfinished at the time of his death.The early death of this talented musician has been much mysterious.Reference35Part III-Video OneThink and Talk He was a hard-working musician,composing over 600 works,such as,the Piano Con
39、certo No.24 in C minor,the Symphony No.40 in G minor,and the opera Don Giovanni.He is among the most popular of classical composers,having a great influence on subsequent Western art music.Reference36Part III-Video OneTask One:True or False1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.TWatch and Do37Part III-Video OneVideo Two
40、Willem Johan Kolff38Think and Talk Willem Johan Kolff was a pioneer of hemodialysis as well as in the field of artificial organs.He made his major discoveries in the field of dialysis for kidney failure during the Second World War.He emigrated in 1950 to the United States,where he obtained US citize
41、nship in 1955,and received a number of awards and widespread recognition for his work.Kolff is considered to be the Father of Artificial Organs,and is regarded as one of the most important physicians of the 20th century.He won the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in 2002.Kolff died
42、in 2009 at an age of 98.Thanks to the efforts of Kolff medical pioneers like him,people with kidney disease are now able to live full and productive lives.Reference39Part III-Video TwoTask One:Multiple Choice1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.BWatch and Do40Part III-Video TwoTask Two:Blank Filling1.possibility of ar
43、tificially simulating the function of the kidney to remove toxins from the blood of kidney patients2.research and outline potential mechanisms3.Just as he finished his residency4.serving under the professors Nazi replacement5.prevented them from using war materials like aluminumWatch and Do41Part II
44、I-Video TwoTask Three:Summary Dr.Willem Kolff is considered the father of dialysis.He constructed the first dialyzer in 1943 in a harsh condition with scarce materials under the rule of Nazi.In 1945,he succeeded in saving a patients life.In 1975,he introduced a wearable artificial kidney.For the con
45、tribution he made,Kolff was named by Life Magazine in its list of the 100 most important Americans of the 20th century.In 2002,Dr.Kolff received the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research,the highest honor in American medicine.Thanks to the efforts of Kolff and medical pioneers like him,p
46、eople with kidney disease are now able to live full and productive lives.Watch and Do42Part III-Video TwoPart IVMedical Terminology43Part IVMedical TerminologyRoot 1nephr/oRoot 2cyst/o44Root 1nephr/o45Think and Talkhydronephrosis kidney stone nephritis nephrolithiasis nephropathy nephrectomy nephrem
47、ia nephroptosispolycystic kidney renal colic renal failure renal transplantation renal pelvisrenal sinus renal tubuleReference46Part IV-Root 1Task One:Matching1.b 2.d 3.f 4.a 5.e 6.cPractice and Produce47Part IV-Root 1Task Two:Explanation-itis:inflammation -tomy:cutting lith/o:stone-iasis:pathologic
48、al or morbid condition-logy:used in names for fields of studyepi-:above -rine:chemical suffix Practice and Produce48Part IV-Root 1Task Three:Review-itis:dermatitis,arthritis,otitis,gastritis-tomy:adenotomy,angiotomy,cystotomy,leukotomylith/o:lithocyst,lithography,lithology,lithotomy-iasis:chololithi
49、asis,gastrolithiasis,lithiasis,clonorchiasis-logy:oncology,physiology,radioecology,gynecologyepi-:epicondyles,epibranchial,epicardia,epidermic-rine:endocrine,chlorine,epinephrine,ectocrinePractice and Produce49Part IV-Root 1Root 2cyst/o50Think and Talkbladder cancer cystendesis cystometercystopexy c
50、ystoscope cystoscopycystostomy cystotomyurinary retentionureter urethra vesical trigoneReference51Part IV-Root 2Task One:Matching1.c 2.a 3.e 4.d 5.bPractice and Produce52Part IV-Root 2Task Two:Explanation-scope:colonoscope,gastroscope,rhinoscope,bronchoscope-plasty:arterioplasty,dermatoplasty,mammop
