1、医学英语视听说(第二版)Unit Seven Endocrine SystemMedical English Communication:Listening and Speaking(2nd edition)1ContentsPart I Introduction to the Endocrine System Part II Diseases Related to the Endocrine SystemPart III Celebrity and DiseasePart IV Medical Terminology Related to the Endocrine System2Part
2、V Further ThinkingPart IVideo:Introduction to the Endocrine System3Think and Talk The endocrine system is the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones and release them directly into the circulatory system,rather than through a duct,to be transported towards distant target organs.The
3、 endocrine glands belong to the bodys control system.The major endocrine glands include the hypothalamus,pituitary gland,pancreas,ovaries,testes,thyroid gland,parathyroid gland,and adrenal glands.The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are neuroendocrine organs,which control all endocrine systems.The h
4、ormones which they produce help to regulate the functions of cells and tissues throughout the body.For example,thyroid hormone(TH)increases the rate of cellular metabolism.A hormone may affect relatively few targets,while a different hormone may affect nearly every cell in the body.Reference4Task On
5、e:Error Correction1.The endocrine glands secrete hormones and release them into the blood system,which transports them to the target cells.2.The production of many hormones is controlled by the hypothalamus and the pituitary glands.Watch and Do5Task One:Error Correction3.Sleep is controlled by the h
6、ypothalamus.4.The pituitary gland is the main hormone producing gland.5.Among the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland,vasopressin,for example,regulates kidney functioning,while oxytocin causes contractions of the uterus during childbirth.Watch and Do6Task Two:Blank Filling(1)chemical messengers
7、,transported by the blood to target cells (2)located at the base of the brain(3)the main hormone producing gland(4)nine different hormones(5)contractions of the uterus during childbirth Watch and Do7 Task Three:DescriptionThe endocrine system is composed of ten glands,which produce hormones once sti
8、mulated.Hormones are released into the vascular system and transported by the blood to target cells,where they will trigger a physiological process.The production of many hormones is controlled by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary gland.The pituita
9、ry gland is the main hormone producing gland and secretes nine different hormones.For example,vasopressin regulates kidney functioning,and oxytocin generates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.There are also some other pituitary hormones that control skin pigmentation and bone growth.There
10、fore,those hormones play an important role in many physiological processes.Watch and Do8Part II Diseases Related to the Endocrine System9Part IIDiseases Related to the Endocrine SystemVideo OneThe Pituitary Dysfunction Video TwoCushings Disease 10Video One The Pituitary Dysfunction 11Think and Talk
11、The pituitary gland is a small oval endocrine gland that lies at the base of the brain.It is sometimes called the master gland of the body because all the other endocrine glands depend on its secretions.The pituitary gland secretes different important hormones such as growth hormone,ACTH,thyrotropin
12、,gonadotropic hormones,vasopressin,oxytocin,antidiuretic hormone,etc.Those hormones can help control a lot of body processes,such as growth,blood pressure,breast milk production,sex organ functions,thyroid gland function,metabolism,water balance,temperature regulation,and pain relief.Reference12Part
13、 II-Video OneThink and Talk All the disorders and diseases of the pituitary gland are to be the results of an hyposecretion or hypersecretion of associated hormones.For example,the oversecretion of the growth hormone can cause gigantism if it happens before growth of the long bone is finished,or it
14、would be acromegaly if it starts during adulthood.On the other hand,undersecretion of this hormone can generate dwarfism if people experience it during childhood.The increased secretion of one or more pituitary hormones can lead to hyperpituitarism,while the decreased secretion of the pituitary horm
15、ones can cause hypopituitarism.Diabetes insipidus is a rare form of diabetes caused by a deficiency of the hormone vasopressin,which controls kidney function.hypopituitarism or pituitary adenomas can cause sterility in women.Reference13Part II-Video OneWatch and DoTask One:Blank Filling(1)water rete
16、ntion(2)growth and development (3)reproduction (4)too much or too little (5)anterior pituitary gland 14Part II-Video OneWatch and DoTask One:Blank Filling(6)hypo-secretion of growth hormone (7)too much growth hormone during childhood (8)hyper-secretion of growth hormone during adulthood (9)a tumor o
17、f the pituitary gland (10)a hypo-secretion of FSH and LH15Part II-Video OneTask Two:RetellingThe pituitary gland is a small gland that secretes a number of hormones that affect everything in your body.if something goes wrong with the gland,causing too much or too little secretion of a certain hormon
18、e,then a disorder or disease will happen.Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of these hormones can lead to conditions such as dwarfism,gigantism,and sterility.Growth hormone promotes growth and stimulates the bone and muscle growth for normal physical growth in children.If too little growth hormone is s
19、ecreted during childhood,the child will develop dwarfism.Watch and DoWatch and Do16Part II-Video OneTask Two:RetellingBut their body looks proportional.If the pituitary gland secretes too much growth hormone during childhood,the child will get gigantism.Similarly,the person looks like a proportionat
20、e giant.If this hypersecretion of growth hormone happens during adulthood,it will result in a condition called acromegaly.The anterior pituitary gland also secretes hormones important to reproduction.For example,LH triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males.Consequ
21、ently,the hyposecretion of FSH and LH can result in sterility.Watch and DoWatch and Do17Part II-Video OneVideo Two Cushings Disease18Think and Talk Cushings disease is most often caused by a pituitary adenoma.The common signs and symptoms of Cushings disease include unexplained weight gain,the moon
22、face,the big fat belly,high blood pressure,extra fat around neck,poor short-term memory,etc.The diagnosis of it may be very complicated with various urinary tests,blood tests and other possible tests.The first step is to diagnose Cushings syndrome with multiple tests being used to achieve a proper d
23、iagnosis.Some of the biochemical tests may involve salivary and blood serum cortisol testing,24-hour urinary free cortisol(UFC)testing,the dexamethasone suppression test(DST),and bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling(BIPSS).Reference19Part II-Video TwoThink and TalkIf Cushings Syndrome is deter
24、mined,we go to the next step to distinguish between Cushings disease and ectopic corticotropin syndrome with CRH,high-dose DST,BIPSS,and pituitary MRI.The urinary free cortisol(UFC)test and the late-night or midnight salivary cortisol test may also be employed to get a proper diagnosis.Accordingly,d
25、iagnosing Cushings disease is a multidisciplinary process involving complex techniques Reference20Part II-Video TwoTask One:True or False1.T2.F3.F 4.T 5.FWatch and Do21Part II-Video TwoTask Two:Questions and Answers1.When you have Cushings disease,your body will make a lot of cortisol and it can cau
26、se you to gain weight,your blood pressure to go up and other side effects that cortisol has in your body.2.Cushings disease is an overproduction of cortisol by the body,that is caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland.Watch and Do22Part II-Video TwoTask Two:Questions and Answers3.The treatment for C
27、ushings disease is to remove the tumor and once you remove the rumor you have basically gotten rid of the reason why they have all these problems because their body does not overproduce the cortisol which leads to high blood and obesity and so on.4.She had lost a lot of weight,and she also experienc
28、ed other amazing transformation.5.Meagan thinks Dr.Siadati is great.He really comforted her.After going to see him Meagan felt like everything was gonna be okay.Watch and Do23Part II-Video TwoTask Three:DialogueDoctor:Good afternoon,whats your problem?Miriam:Recently I have experienced unexplained w
29、eight gain so that my face develops a rounded appearance on the sides of the face.And My belly becomes very fat and big.It is really weird freaking me out.So,I am here to make sure whats wrong with me.Doctor:Do you feel fatigue?Miriam:Yes.I dont get out of my bed for days and weeks at a time in this
30、 month.Doctor:Any other feelings?Miriam:I feel massively tired and anxious.Its like Ive got depression.At night,I almost cannot fall into sleep.I have experienced this insomnia for weeks.Might I be affected by Cushings disease?Watch and Do24Part III-Video TwoTask Three:DialogueDoctor:Did you take yo
31、ur blood pressure?Miriam:Yes,its 120/80 mm Hg.Doctor:It is not high,so possibly it is not Cushings disease.Miriam:Maybe you could request the blood test to make sure.Doctor:It is a waste of government money to do unnecessary test.I could prescribe you some medicine.Then well see.Miriam:If I get the
32、Cushings disease,can I be cured?Doctor:If you get it,you could go to the Mayo Clinic to do a surgery to remove the tumor.But there is possibility of leaving tiny tumor cells.And even if the tumor is totally taken out,your quality of life is not the same as before.Miriam:But Ive searched the internet
33、,finding a lot of information about it.Most professionals think that it could be cured.Watch and Do25Part III-Video TwoTask Three:DialogueDoctor:Not exactly.You might have residual symptoms of depression,fatigue,muscle aches and weakness,etc.Anyway,your condition is not Cushings disease.You can take
34、 these prescriptions first and then see if you can get better.Miriam:Okay,thank you very much.Doctor:Youre welcome.(Miriam:Probably its time to see another doctor.)Watch and Do26Part III-Video TwoPart IIICelebrity and DiseaseVideo OneDr.Frederick Grant Banting Video TwoAndrew Schally Video OneVideo
35、Two27Video OneDr.Frederick Grant Banting28Think and Talk Sir Frederick Grant Banting was born in a farmhouse near Alliston,Ontario,November 14,1891.Banting was a shy and studious boy managing to scramble up a tough educational ladder to the University of Toronto,where he shifted his focus and enroll
36、ed in the faculty of medicine.He served in the First World War in France as a medical officer and returned to Canada in 1919 with a Military Cross.On the night of 31 October 1920,Frederick Banting came up with an idea for the research aimed at isolating an internal secretion of the pancreas.In May 1
37、921 Banting and Best,a medical student,began to isolate the hormone in the laboratories of the Scottish physiologist J.J.R.Macleod,at the University of Toronto.After an intensive effort they completed their experiments in 1922.In the following year Banting and Macleod received the 1923 Novel Prize f
38、or Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of insulin.Reference29Part III-Video OneThink and Talk Frederick Banting was ill suited to wear the status of scientist or celebrity.He had been almost broken by the pressures of the insulin research even to the extent that he considered suicide if he was
39、not successful.The pressure also resulted in the end of his romance with Edith Roach,his childhood sweetheart and once fiance.In 1924 he married Marion Robertson and ended in divorce in 1932 following allegations of adultery and abuse.In 1939,Banting married Henrietta Ball and ended with his death i
40、n a plane crash in 1941.It seemed that Frederick Banting could only find contentment in painting.He was a member of Torontos Arts and Letters Club,and knew most members of Canadas Group of Seven.In recent years,Bantings sketches and oils have often been sold at a very good price.Reference30Part III-
41、Video OneThink and Talk During and after his lifetime Banting remained to be one of the worlds most famous Canadians.He was Canadas first professor of medical research at the University of Toronto,awarded a lifetime annuity by the Government of Canada,and was knighted in 1934.He was also made a Fell
42、ow of the Royal Society(London)and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.In 1994 Frederick Banting was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.Reference31Part III-Video OneTask One:True or False1.F2.F3.T4.T 5.FWatch and Do32Part III-Video OneTask Two:Multiple Choice1.B2.D3.A4.C5.AWatch and
43、 Do33Part III-Video TwoVideo TwoAndrew Schally 34Think and Talk Andrew Schally is an American endocrinologist who contributes to the discovery of three hormones produced by the hypothalamus,which made scientists recognize that the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland.Schally was born in Wilno,P
44、oland on November 30,1926,spent his childhood in the Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe,and survived the holocaust.He got his high school diploma in Scotland and studied chemistry in London.Schallys interest in medical research began at the age of 23 and gradually became addicted to it.In 1952 he moved to
45、 Canada to work and study at McGill University where he learned endocrinology and started to be involved in the hypothalamic field.In 1974,Andrew Schally met a charming endocrinologist and soon get married.Reference35Part III-Video TwoThink and TalkHe shared the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Med
46、icine with Roger Guellemin and Rosalyn Yalow.Thereafter,he published more than 1200 publications.In September 2004,his wife died suddenly from thyroid cancer and that became Schallys hardest blow and biggest tragedy so that he is seeking consolation in his cancer research.Reference36Part III-Video T
47、woTask One:Questions and Answers1.As the discoverer of hypothalamic hormones,he was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine for his work in neuroendocrinology.2.In 1962.3.50 years.4.Dr.Schally received his training in England and Canada.5.He is in search for new,safer and cost-effective treatments appl
48、ying his discoveries.Watch and Do37Part II-Video TwoTask Two:Blank Filling1.hypothalamic hormones2.distinguished medical research scientist3.honorary degrees to his credit4.hormone-dependent tumors5.on the control of cancer and other diseasesWatch and Do38Part III-Video TwoTask Three:Summary Andrew
49、Schally is the discoverer of hypothalamic hormones and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1977.He then pioneered the application of analogs of hypothalamic hormones in the field of cancer treatment,including the present method for therapy of prostate cancer.Schally has over 33 awards and mo
50、re than 30 honorary degrees to his credit and belongs to more than 40 scientific organizations worldwide.Watch and Do39Part III-Video TwoPart IVMedical Terminology40Part IVMedical TerminologyRoot 1Root 241adren/o;adrenal/o thyr/o;thyroid/o Root 1adren/o;adrenal/o 42Think and Talkadrenal cortex adren
