1、Discovering Useful Structures Unit 4 Space ExplorationInfinitives used as attributeand adverbialReview be determined to do focus on lauch orbit disaster desire explore despite independent spacecraft manned surface signal establish observation presence dataLearning objectives learn to use infinitives
2、 as attribute learn to use infinitives as adverbial Lily and Bob are chatting when they jog.I want to be an astronaut.So I need to do much exercise to make my dream come true.Whats your dream?What do you do for your dream?Why do you jog everyday?Self-learning guideLook at the following sentences and
3、 focus on the italicised infinitives.In pairs,discuss their functions and meanings.Presentation I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot.As we all know,an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space.infinitive as adverbialinfinitive as adverbial Some scienti
4、sts were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space.On 12 April 1961,Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space.Find more examples from the unit.First of all,you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree.infinitive as adverbialinfinitive a
5、s attributeinfinitive as attribute1.Scientists work hard to find answers.2.They make vehicles to carry brave people into space to find out the secrets of the universe.3.However,some scientists were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space.4.Yuri Gagarin became the first person
6、in the world to go into space.5.Americas NASA space agency launched Voyager 1 on 5 September 1977 to study deep space.6.These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed,but the desire to explore the universe never died.Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicised infinitives.In pair
7、s,discuss their functions and meanings.Group discussion 7.China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space in 2003.8.This signalled one step further in Chinas plan to establish a space station in the future.9.More recently,China has sent Change 4 to explore the sur
8、face of the far side of the moon to make measurements and observations.10.Europe,the US,and China all have plans to further study and explore planets like Mars and Jupiter.11.Despite the difficulties,scientists hope future discoveries will not only enable us to understand how the universe began,but
9、also help us survive well into the future.Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicised infinitives.In pairs,discuss their functions and meanings.3.However,some scientists were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space.4.Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the
10、world to go into space.6.These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed,but the desire to explore the universe never died.7.China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space in 2003.8.This signalled one step further in Chinas plan to establish a space station in
11、 the future.10.Europe,the US,and China all have plans to further study and explore planets like Mars and Jupiter.定语定语定语定语定语定语定语定语定语定语定语定语check your answersGroup report 1.Scientists work hard to find answers.2.They make vehicles to carry brave people into space to find out the secrets of the universe
12、.5.Americas NASA space agency launched Voyager 1 on 5 September 1977 to study deep space.9.More recently,China has sent Change 4 to explore the surface of the far side of the moon to make measurements and observations.11.Despite the difficulties,scientists hope future discoveries will not only enabl
13、e us to understand how the universe began,but also help us survive well into the future.目的状语目的状语目的状语目的状语目的状语目的状语目的状语目的状语目的状语目的状语check your answers不定式作定语、状语不定式作定语、状语Tips from teacher不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,由“to+动词动词原形原形”构成，没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等。1.We must find a pe
14、rson to do the work.2.There are lots of interesting things to see.3.They got the order to leave the city.一、不定式作定语的位置和关系：一、不定式作定语的位置和关系：动词不定式作定语通常放在名词、代词或不定代词的动词不定式作定语通常放在名词、代词或不定代词的后面作后置定语。后面作后置定语。动词不定式作定语一般与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系、动词不定式作定语一般与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系、动宾关系、或同位关系。动宾关系、或同位关系。主谓关系主谓关系动宾关系动宾关系同位关系同位关系Infinitiv
15、e as attribute 1.She is the first graduate to get an offer in the big company.2.He is the only one to survive the accident.3.He is the right person to do the job.二、不定式作定语（名词被特定词修饰）：二、不定式作定语（名词被特定词修饰）：当名词被序数词或当名词被序数词或 the only,the next,the last,the right修修饰，且该名词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者时，用不饰，且该名词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者时
16、，用不定式主动形式作定语。定式主动形式作定语。Infinitive as attribute 1.In the past,women had no chance to go to school.2.He made an attempt to be admitted to the big company.3.A good teacher must have the ability to make himself understood.4.I must keep the promise to pay on time.5.His eagerness to get back home was quit
17、e obvious.三、不定式作定语与特定名词连用：三、不定式作定语与特定名词连用：有些名词常跟不定式作定语，如：有些名词常跟不定式作定语，如：wish,decision,chance,promise,plan,time,attempt,effort,ability,eagerness等。等。Infinitive as attribute 1.Give me a pen to write with.2.He is looking for a room to live in.3.There is nothing to worry about.4.Here is a piece of paper
18、for you to write on.四、不定式加介词作定语：四、不定式加介词作定语：作定语的作定语的动词不定式如果是不及物动词或者不定式所动词不定式如果是不及物动词或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。定式后面须有相应的介词。Infinitive as attribute 1.I have a lot of things to do tomorrow.2.Please give me something to drink.3.He will show you the right path to tak
19、e.拓展与补充一：拓展与补充一：在一些固定句型中，动词不定式作定语用主动形式表被动意在一些固定句型中，动词不定式作定语用主动形式表被动意义，如义，如 have/get/give/show sth to do。在此类句型中，不定式与前面的名词构成动宾关系，和句中在此类句型中，不定式与前面的名词构成动宾关系，和句中另一个名词或代词构成主谓关系。另一个名词或代词构成主谓关系。I do a lot of things./I drink something./You take the right path.Infinitive as attribute 1.Do you have any clothes
20、 to wash?2.Kids,do you have any clothes to be washed?3.I cant go out this afternoon,because I have many materials to type.4.The boss told me that he had many materials to be typed.试比较试比较1、2句和句和3、4句的区别是什么？句的区别是什么？Infinitive as attribute 当不定式与前面的名词构成动宾关系，且和句中的主语当不定式与前面的名词构成动宾关系，且和句中的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，用主动形
21、式表被动意义；若构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，用主动形式表被动意义；若没有逻辑上的主谓关系且不确定逻辑主语是谁时，仍用没有逻辑上的主谓关系且不确定逻辑主语是谁时，仍用被动语态。被动语态。1.There is a lot of homework to do.2.There is a lot of homework to be done.3.There is nothing to see.4.There is nothing to be seen.拓展与补充二：拓展与补充二：Infinitive as attribute 在在there be+n+to do 结构中，可用不定式的主动形式结构中，可用不定
22、式的主动形式也可用被动形式，只是意义和侧重点不同，也可用被动形式，只是意义和侧重点不同，to do强调强调人，其逻辑主语是动作的发出者，人，其逻辑主语是动作的发出者，to be done强调物，强调物，其逻辑主语是动作的承受者。其逻辑主语是动作的承受者。1.The airport _(complete)next year will help promote tourism in this area.(2013 四川改)2.We are having a meeting in half an hour.The decision _(make)at the meeting will influen
23、ce the future of our company.(2012 重庆)3.Volunteering gives you a chance _(change)lives,including your own.(2013 北京)4.The students are looking forward to having an opportunity _(explore)society of real-life experience.(2013 上海)5.I have a lot of readings _(complete)before the end of this term.(2010 山东
24、)to be completedto be madeto change Infinitive as attribute:Exercise 高考链接高考链接to exploreto complete6.The play _(produce)next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.(2009 安徽)7.The ability _(express)an idea is as important as the idea itself.(2011 湖南)8.Its important for the figures _(update)reg
25、ularly.(2011 北京)9.Birds singing is sometimes a warning to other birds _(stay)away.(2012 北京)10.Its standard practice for a company like this one _(employ)a security officer.(2014 山东)to be producedInfinitive as attribute:Exercise to expressto stayto be updated to employ（二）作状语不定式作状语，用来修饰动词、形容词和副词。例：I c
26、ome here to say good-bye to you.So as not to disturb the baby,I walked quietly.1.1.目的状语：目的状语：可用在句首常用结构：to do;in order to do,so as to do,so/suchas to do,etc.不定式作目的状语时，其动作通常迟于谓语动词 的动作。例：I said that to encourage him.（二）作状语3.3.结果状语：结果状语：常与only,enough 或too连用,用于“too.to”；“enough to.”；“only to do”句型中。例：He s
27、tudied hard only to fail the exam.He is old enough to go to school.She is so proud as to look down upon others.2.2.原因状语：多用于原因状语：多用于“sb.+be+adj.+to do”句型中。句型中。例：Im glad to see you.She was disappointed to hear the news.现在分词与不定式作结果状语的区别现在分词与不定式作结果状语的区别例：1.He went home to find his old friend George outs
28、ide the door.2.The child fell,striking his head against the door and cutting it.动词不定式作结果状语强调的是一种意想不到的结果；而现在分词作结果状语强调的是一种顺承的，必然造成的结果。1.To make friends easily,you need to be very kind.2.They went there to save people who were injured.3.More TV programmes were produced to raise peoples concern over foo
29、d safety.4.To/In order to catch the first bus,he got up early.5.The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.不定式作不定式作目的状语目的状语，可用，可用in order to/so as to 代替，有代替，有时为了突出强调目的，还可将这个词组置于句首，但时为了突出强调目的，还可将这个词组置于句首，但so as to一般不用于句首。一般不用于句首。Infinitive as adverbial1.He woke up to find everybody gone.2.He arrived
30、 at the train station,only to find the train had already left.3.She is too tired to do the job.4.He is old enough to go to school.5.Will you be so kind as to open the window?不定式作不定式作结果状语结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果；有时也可用，表示出乎意料的结果；有时也可用only to,too.to,enough to,so.as to 来表示结果状语。来表示结果状语。Infinitive as adverbial1.I a
31、m so excited to be here!2.I am more than delighted to be with you!3.She is proud to have won the first place.4.He is glad to be invited to the meeting.不定式作不定式作原因状语原因状语，常用于，常用于“主语主语+be+形容词形容词+to do”结构中，此类形容词多是结构中，此类形容词多是glad,excited,disappointed,shocked等表示喜怒哀乐的形容词。等表示喜怒哀乐的形容词。Infinitive as adverbial1
32、._(make)it easier to get in touch with us,youd better keep this card at hand.(2016 北京改)2.Anxiously,she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only _(find)it didnt fit.(2014 天津改)3.Group activities will be organised after class _(help)children develop team spirit.(2014 重庆改)4.George returned
33、 after the war,only _(tell)that his wife had left him.(2012 山东)5.This machine is very easy _(operate).Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.(2012 辽宁)6.We were astonished _(find)the temple still in its original condition.(2010 辽宁)To maketo find Exerciseto help高考链接高考链接to be toldto operateto fin
34、dHello,my dear friends!I am greatly honoured _(share)the event with you.The theme of the activity is _(introduce)Chinese traditional culture.During this month,there will be various activities for you _(experience)the rich and colourful Chinese culture.You will have a chance _(make)paper-cutting or _
35、(appreciate)Chinese arts.There will be some lectures for you _(attend),_ is beneficial to your understanding about China._(learn)more about China,dont hesitate _(contact)us and be the first _(sign)up for the activity.to shareto introduceto experienceto maketo appreciateExercise语篇演练语篇演练to attendTo le
36、arnwhichto contactto signPracticeRewrite the sentences using infinitives or“in order to/so as to+do”.Change the italicised parts accordingly.Examples:1.In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person who got married in space.In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person to get married in space.P
37、racticeIn space,astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle for later use.2.In space,astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use.3.Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dreamt that one day they would fly into space._.Mankind h
38、as always been curious about the universe and many people have the dream to fly into space one day4.Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity,so they need to exercise everyday,which will help them stay healthy.Practice_.Astronauts bones and muscles can get ve
39、ry weak in space due to the lack of gravity,so they need to exercise every day to/in order to/so as to stay healthy_._.5.Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise.6.During a spacewalk,astronauts have to move slowly so tha
40、t they can keep their bodies under control.During a spacewalk,astronauts have to move slowly to/in order to/so as to keep their bodies under controlAstronants have to use tape to stick everythingdown while working in space to/in order to/so as to keep everything from floating offComplete the passage
41、 with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal_(achieve).One of the problems is that the trip would take a very long time.For example,_(use)current technology,it would take over two years _(get)to the closest plane
42、t,Mars,and back.Although light is the fastest thing_(know)in the universe,it could take more than four years to reach the nearest star system.Will scientists to achieveusingto getknownTest for goalsComplete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.figure out a way _(store)sufficient food and water for the long journey?Is it possible to travel faster than light?No one knows the answers yet.However,space scientists never give up.They areexperimenting with growing crops in space so as _(help)astronauts get enough food on longer journeys through space.to storeto help
