1、概要写作技巧How to find the topic sentences?一一.段首段首是主题句：是主题句：以以概述开句，随之辅加细说。概述开句，随之辅加细说。1.给予给予例证、解释或说明的段落，首句后常见词例证、解释或说明的段落，首句后常见词：for example，takeas an example2.下定义的下定义的段落：段落：thats to say;to be exact二二.段段尾尾是是主题句主题句：1.阐述一个不太常见的或难以令人接受的观点的段落阐述一个不太常见的或难以令人接受的观点的段落2.旨在说服读者相信其论点的段落旨在说服读者相信其论点的段落用归纳法撰写，先表述细节或交代
2、论据，最后做出概用归纳法撰写，先表述细节或交代论据，最后做出概括性的结论，以总结性句子收尾。常见词：括性的结论，以总结性句子收尾。常见词：as a result;in a word,to conclude,in fact,therefore等等三三.段段中中主题句主题句：1.引引题或例证题或例证主题思想主题思想解释或进一步给予例证。解释或进一步给予例证。2.段段意转折，一般作者往往把中心意思放于转折后。常见词：意转折，一般作者往往把中心意思放于转折后。常见词：however,but,on the contrary,nevertheless，instead等等3.出现出现于过渡句或疑问句之后。于
3、过渡句或疑问句之后。Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times.Many years ago,people thought that if we went to bed early and get up early,we would be energetic the whole day.So,getting up early is of great importance to us all.In fact,morning is the best time of a day.In the morni
4、ng,the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best conditions.Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than any other time of the day.If we do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning,we can build our
5、 bodies and become much healthier.Also we will have enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of the day if we get up early.However,if we get up late,we will probably have to do everything in a great hurry.Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep
6、 it.If we stick to getting up early every day,we will certainly benefit a lot from it.查找每段的关键句Para1:topic sentence主题句Getting up early is of great importance to us all.Para 2-3:supporting sentencesWe memorize things more quickly and accurately.We can become much healthier.We have time to make a plan
7、and get ready for the day.Para 4:conclusion sentence结论性语句 We will certainly benefit a lot from it.Step2:Paraphrase the sentences above in your own words.使用自己的语言改述上面的句子 Para1:Getting up early plays an important part in our daily life.The importance of getting up early in the morning can never be over
8、emphasized.过分强调Para2-3:It enables us to have a better memory and a healthier body.we will have enough time to make a good preparation for the day.A good preparation for the day can be achieved.Para 4:It will be of great benefit to us.It will do great good to us.Step 3:writing a summary Transitional
9、words 过渡词,coherent连贯,Logic 逻辑,structure结构Step 4:Polish your writing润色文章Sample writing:The importance of getting up early in the morning can never be overemphasized.In the first place,It enables us to have a better memory.Whats more,we can be increasingly healthy by breathing fresh air and working ou
10、t in the morning.Last but not the least,we will have enough time to make a good preparation for the day.In conclusion,getting up early will benefit us a lot.改写改写句子时，理清要点之间的关系，不能简单地照搬原句，即用自句子时，理清要点之间的关系，不能简单地照搬原句，即用自己的话改写，做到己的话改写，做到“雁过不留痕雁过不留痕”。注意不注意不改变改变原意。原意。改述方法点拨改述方法点拨1.同意替换法.（主语宾语位置调换）We can ben
11、efit from it=It does good to us.I didnt catch any fish owing to the fact that I was no patient.=I didnt catch any fish because I was not patient.2.正话反说或反话正说.1.You will not succeed=You will fail.2.I cant agree more=I agree with you3.词性转换法The photo is of importance to us=The photo is important to us.4
12、.句式变化法语态变换语态变换Parents should give children more praise.=Children should be given more praised.简单句变复合句简单句变复合句Children should be encouraged more.This will help them learn faster.=Children should be encouraged more,which will help them learn faster.Children are given more praise.They will achieve more
13、success.=When given more praise,children will achieve more success.5.连词衔接法：注意使用一些短而精的连词注意使用一些短而精的连词如：如：but,and,so,while,however,then,thus,yet,for,therefore,including,instead of等等We should encourage children.We should not scold them.=We should encourage children instead of scolding them.1.表转折：but,how
14、ever,nevertheless（然而）,yet,instead,on the other hand,on the contrary,while,though,although.2.表顺接、递进：as well as,in addition,not only.but also,besides,moreover,also,last but not least,whats more,furthermore,.3.表列举：firstly/secondly/finally/.4.表原因：because(of),since,as,for,now that,thanks to,due to,on acc
15、ount of,.5.表举例：for example/instance,such as,and so on6.结果：so,therefore,as a result,so that,then,7.总结：all in all,In short,in conclusion,in a word,in summary,finally,in general,to sum up,above all,after all,generally speaking,to conclude,5.句意理解法：Shopping on the Internet is becoming more increasingly p
16、opular.=More and more people prefer Internet shopping.Are you shy？If you are，you are not alone.In fact，close to 50 percent of people are shy.Almost 80 percent of people feel shy at some point in their lives.These days，1.shyness is becoming more and more common.Now，scientists are trying to understand
17、 shyness.They have some interesting ideas about why people are shy.Is it possible to be born shy？Many scientists say yes.They say 15 to 20 percent of babies behave shyly.These babies are a little quieter and more watchful than other babies.Interestingly,these shy babies usually have shy parents.As a
18、 result,scientists think that 2.some shyness is genetic.练习练习1 1 3.Family size might cause people to be shy as well.Scientists at Harvard University studied shy children.They found that 66 percent of them had older brothers and sisters.As a result，they became shy.At the same time，children with no bro
19、thers and sisters may be shy as well.Growing up alone，they often play by themselves.They are not able to learn the same social skills as children from big families.4.You may also be shy because of where you were born.When scientists studied shyness in different countries,they found surprising differ
20、ences.In Japan，most people said they were shy.But in Israel，only one of three people said so.What explains the difference？One scientist says the Japanese and Israelis have different opinions of failure.In Japan，when people do not succeed，they feelbad about themselves.They blame themselves for their
21、failure.In Israel，the opposite is true.Israelis often blame failure on outside reasons，such as family，teachers，friends，or bad luck.In Israel，freedom of opinion and risk taking are strongly supported.This may be why Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy.For shy people，it can be difficult
22、 to make friends，speak in class，and even get a good job.But 5.scientists say you can get over your shyness.They suggest trying new things and practicing conversation.And dont forgetif you are shy，you are not the only one.1.shyness is becoming more and more common.Scientists have some interesting ide
23、as about why people are shy.Shyness is common and some reasons may account for it according to scientists.2.some shyness is genetic.3.Family size might cause people to be shy as well.4.You may also be shy because of where you were born.They think shyness may come from genetics，family size and birth
24、place.Children with no brothers and sisters may be shy as well.The Japanese and Israelis have different opinions of failure.Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy.children or the only child are more likely to be shy；Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their different attitudes
25、 towards failure.5.scientists say you can get over your shyness.To help people suffering from shyness，scientists also give some useful suggestions.Sample:Shyness is common and some reasons may account for it according to scientists.They think shyness may come from genetics，family size and birth plac
26、e.For instance，younger children or the only child are more likely to be shy；Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their different attitudes towards failure.To help people suffering from shyness，scientists also give some useful suggestions.In many societies，there is often greater acceptance
27、of light skin than dark skin.Light skin may be seen as a mark of beauty，intelligence and success.These beliefs can lead to social pressure even within the same racial or ethnic group，if some members are darker skinned than others.The result is that skin lightening has become a common activity across
28、 Africa，Asia and other areas of the world.More and more people with dark skin are using skin-lightening products，even if they may face health risks.练习练习2 2 They believe that having whiter skin will improve their lives.Many people think they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying into
29、 a better family.Or they want to look like what their society generally considers beautiful.Some beauty care products and soaps contain chemicals that make skin lighter.This process is also called bleaching(漂白)But some of the chemicals are extremely dangerous.One of the chemicals has been linked to
30、kidney(肾)damage and some kinds of cancer.It also causes low birth weight in babies when mothers use it during pregnancy.At first，bleaching products make the skin color lighter.But after long-term use they can cause problems.They can even make some skin darker.The chemicals in the products block and
31、break down the natural process that gives color to skin.The skin loses its natural barrier to protect against sunlight.Then the skin can become thick and discolored.Usually the person will use more of the product in an effort to correct the problem，but this only makes it worse.Doctor Ly，who works in
32、 a hospital，says the chemicals are now more dangerous because they are stronger.Some cases have resulted in blackened fingernails，infections and permanent skin damage.And these are not the only risks.Experts say some people who change their skin color suffer emotional damage.They feel regret and sad
33、ness.They feel that instead of risking their health，they should have learned to love and accept their skin color as it was.Sample:Many people prefer light skin to dark skin，believing that it helps improve their life and caters to the social standard of beauty.Therefore，it is common to try skin-light
34、ening products.However，bleaching containing chemicals has long-lasting harmful effects on physical condition and emotions.Whats worse，it may fail to achieve expected results.Thus，doctors recommend people not to put their health at risk but love and accept their natural colors.These days our society
35、develops rapidly and forces people to rush.It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry.However，1.it is better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.The 2.main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the po
36、ssibility of doing wrongs in a rush.When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry，they cannot make a sound decision and probably regret later.As the saying goes，“Haste makes waste.”We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly.We should not make mistakes by do
37、ing work hurriedly.练习练习1 1 Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better.For example,taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane.However,taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends.Besides,it allows people t
38、o fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way.3.On the contrary,being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our life.Finally,4.slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us.As is known to all,taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress.People think if
39、they are not in hurry,they will become a loser and that annoys them.Being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally.According to some studies,people who have a 5.slower pace suffer fewer diseases,tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense,even if the former
40、finish jobs more slowly than the latter.In short,working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced.However,much stress cant bring enjoyment,friends and health,which are much more important than money and other material advantages.Therefore,take your time and l
41、ive your life at a slower pace.改写句子：改写句子：1.it is better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.To live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry.2.main reason doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrongs in a
42、 rush.There/Here are three reasons for this.Doing things in a hurry will raise the possibility of making mistakes.3.On the contrary,being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our life.Being in a hurry will not give people enough time to enjoy their life./decrease the time to enjoy their
43、life.4.slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us.bothers people.raises their stress.Doing things in a hurry raises peoples pressure and therefore is bad for their health./Doing things in a hurry will hurt peoples health,such as bother others and raise their pressure.5.slower pace su
44、ffer fewer diseases,tend to be happier.take your time and live your life at a slower pace.Lets slow down for a healthier and happier life./Slow down to live a sturdier and happier live.Sample:To live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry.There are three reasons for this.Firstl
45、y，doing things in a hurry will raise the possibility of making mistakes.Secondly，being in a hurry will not give people enough time to enjoy their life.Thirdly，doing things in a hurry raises peoples pressure and therefore is bad for their health.Thus，Lets slow down for a healthier and happier life.Cy
46、berspace(网络空间)has given rise to a new social change where people make friends from across the world,but know little about their next-door neighbors.This worries critics(批评家)Take Bob for example.He thinks his neighbor doesnt know anything about gardening,but his net friend Green Thum does.Besides,Gre
47、en Thum doesnt do that annoying sound when he talks.Those people like Bob have long been criticized for their lack of necessary social skills.1.Critics think people almost forget how to naturally communicate with their neighbors,creating a social network of strangers.However,2.a report entitled“The
48、Strength of Internet Ties”provides a different opinion.It suggests that the Internet helps develop social networks and make use of them when it matters most.练习练习2 2 Friends often move.As kids,our friends parents move away.As adults,we move away to college or for work.Communicative tools have made pe
49、ople lose touch with each other as a result of laziness,not distance.“The larger and the more diverse(多样的)a persons network，the more important e-mail is,”argues Jeffrey Boase,who co-authored the report.“You cant make phone calls or personal visits to all your friends very often,but 3.you can keep in
50、 touch with them regularly with the help of the Internet.That turns out to be very important.”In addition to expanding and strengthening the social ties people keep in the offline world,4.Internet and e-mail provide a social and informational support group that helps people make difficult decisions
