1、Characteristics of Solid-state Fermented Feed and its Effect on Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Growing-finishing Pigs固态发酵饲料特性及其对育肥猪生长性能及养分消化率的影响ByJiankun Hu,Wenqing Lu,Chunlin Wang,Ronghua Zhu and Jiayun QiaoFrom:Asian-Aust.J.Anim.Sci.Vol.21,No.11:16351641 November 2008 2013.1.24KEY LAB O
2、F ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAUconcents Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Page 1KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAUIntroductionPage 21)Antibiotic growth promoters Total ban in European Union2)Fermented raw materials Eliminating anti-nutritional factors;Improving nutrien
3、t digestibility;Enriching the quality of protein The fermentation end products can be incorporatedinto diets as feed ingredientsKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAUIntroduction Page 33)Fermented liquid feed(FLF)newborn piglets Coliforms (feces)Lactic acid bacteria(feces)growing pigs enterobacteriacea
4、e lactic acid bacteria(stomach)The high concentrations of organic acids in the FLF are believed to be responsible for the reduction in pathogensKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAUIntroductionPage 44)Solid-state fermentation feed(SFF)little literature may have potential to be efficient in promoting a
5、nimal health and growth;lpresent study (1)to investigate the nutritional and microbial characteristics of SFF during the fermentation process;(2)to determine the effects of SFF on performance and nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs when fed in the absence of antibiotics.experimentexperi
6、mentdesigndesignChemical analysis Determine the fermentation effect Microbiological countsAnimal feeding trialCollecte samplesManufacture of SFFSSF+basal dietantibiotics+basal dietDaily gainDaily intaketotal fecal collectionChemical analysisFeed conversionnutrient digestibilityKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTR
7、ITION OF JXAUMaterials and MethodsPage 51)Manufacture of SSF 2)Microbiological counts of SFF3)Chemical analysis of SFF samples 4)Animal feeding trial5)Chemical analysis of feed and feces6)Statistical analysisKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1)Manufacture of SFF Page 6 prepare of liquid culture A m
8、ixed liquid bacterial culture,containing:Lactobacillus fermentum LAB 5.03 log cfu/ml (发酵乳杆菌)Saccharomyces cerevisae Yeastand 5.74 log cfu/ml (酿酒酵母)Bacillus subtilis Bacillus 5.45 log cfu/ml (枯草芽孢杆菌)KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1)Manufacture of SFF Page 7 prepare of substrateKEY LAB OF ANIMAL N
9、UTRITION OF JXAU1)Manufacture of SFF Page 8 Mix substrate:liquid culture=10:3(w/v).Package The mixture was packaged in multi-layer,polythene bags(多层式聚乙烯包装袋);25 kg per bag;the bag equipped a one-way valve(单向阀)to allow release of CO2 produced during fermentationKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1)Man
10、ufacture of SFF Page 9 Fermente Fermentation was performed in bags；temperature：255 Collecte samples day 0,1,2,3,5,7,10,15,20 and 30KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU2)Microbiological counts of SFFPage 10bacterial incubation media incubationTEMP tLABMan,Rogosa and Sharp agaranaerobic3736 hEnterobact
11、eria McConkey agaraerobic3724hBacillusMixed Nutrient agar platesaerobic3724hYeastsagar platesaerobic3036hTen-fold dilutions of the SSF feed samplesKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU3)Chemical analysis of SFF samplesPage 11Nutrition assay methoddry matterAOAC(1990).crude proteinAOAC(1990).Water-solu
12、ble proteinBradford(1976)Short chain fatty acidsGas ChromatographyLactic acidenzymatic kit producedKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU4)Animal feeding trialPage 12 Experimental animal grouping 20 crossbred barrows(DYL)initial body weight=14.11kg The experimental diets Control group :basal diet+antib
13、iotics SFF group:basal diet+SFF basal diet:corn-soybean meal-based control diet Husbandry management Control group SFF group Item14-25 kg25-65 kg65-95 kgControlSSFControlSSFControlSSFIngredientMaize(%)70.060.567.565.070.070.0Soybean meal(%)20.012.020.011.020.09.0Fish meal(%)6.0-3.0-Wheat bran(%)-2.5
14、4.54.05.06.0Soybean oil(%)-1.0-1.0-Solid-state fermented feed(%)-25.0-20.0-15.0Mineral and vitamin premix(%)4.0-4.0-4.0-Nutrient compositionMetabolizable energy(Mcal/kg)3.213.213.223.223.233.23Crude protein(%)18.0418.0216.6316.6614.9914.99Lysine(%)1.201.240.970.960.730.71Calcium(%)0.96.0960.650.650.
15、480.48Total phosphorus(%)0.800.800.510.510.510.50The trial was conducted in three phasesKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU4)Animal feeding trialPage 14 pigpen:stainless steel metabolism crates equipped with a plastic-coated,totally slatted floor phase:0.5 m 1.1 m Phaseand phase :0.6 m 1.4 m Pigs we
16、re fed twice daily until full fresh water was available all the times One weak pig in both groups was removed from the experiment during the phase.KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU5)Chemical analysis of feed and fecesPage 15 The dry matter,crude protein,calcium and phosphorus in diets or feces wer
17、e determined according to AOAC(1990)Gross energy feces was measured by an adiabatic bomb calorimeter(Model 1281,Parr,Moline,IL)Lysine in feed samples was determined by High Performance Liquid ChromatographyKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU6)Statistical analysisPage 16 Data relating to microbial co
18、unts and chemical analysis of solid-state fermented feed were calculated using Microsoft Office Excel(2003)Data for nutrient digestibility and performance were analyzed using ANOVA of SAS(SAS Institute,1996)KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAURESULTSRESULTS and and DISCUSSIONPage 171)Microbial charac
19、teristics of SFF during fermentation 2)Chemical analysis of SFF3)Pig performance and nutrient digestibilityKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1)Microbial characteristics of SFFPage 18LAB(),yeasts(),bacillus()and enterobacteria()detectable levelKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1)Microbial character
20、istics of SFFPage 19 Feed fermentation has been divided into two phases(Canibe)levels LAB yeastsenterobacteria pHphaselowlowbloominghighphasehighhighlowlowKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1)Microbial characteristics of SFFPage 20The final counts of LAB feed/waterpresent trial6.7 log cfu/g10:3(w/v)
21、FLF9.0-9.4 log cfu/g1:2-1:2.75(w/v)The final counts of lactic acid bacteriaKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1)Microbial characteristics of SFFPage 21 yeast:lactic acid bacteria=1:100 the same ratio was summarized by Corsetti and Settanni(2007)in their review on sourdough fermentation.KEY LAB OF AN
22、IMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1)Microbial characteristics of SFFPage 22 The final counts of bacillus=5.4 log cfu/g lactobacilli counts:significant increase E.coli counts:numerical decrease So the level of bacillus in the SFF used in the present trial should have been sufficient to produce positive effects o
23、n pig health.5.3log cfu/g(Feces)KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU2)Chemical analysis of SFFPage 23Nutritional characteristics of SFF during fermentationSCFA and lactic acid concentration during fermentation Drymatter(%)pHCP(%as fed)WSP(%as fed)WSP/CP(%)Time(d)066.00.13 6.160.06 30.20.20 8.20.26 27
24、.11.03165.60.52 6.060.01 30.80.14 8.40.16 27.20.65265.20.11 6.020.02 30.30.81 8.40.29 27.70.22365.00.42 5.890.01 30.30.15 8.10.00 26.80.13564.41.44 5.850.04 30.50.69 8.20.32 26.90.45764.40.69 5.850.08 30.70.29 8.00.29 25.90.701064.20.43 5.860.00 30.80.57 8.70.03 28.40.421564.71.36 5.760.05 30.60.08
25、9.10.55 29.61.872063.90.07 5.790.01 30.30.46 9.20.10 30.40.783064.61.16 5.730.09 31.00.02 9.20.32 29.81.02 Nutritional characteristics of SFF SCFA and lactic acid concentration ItemLactic acidAcetic acidPropionicacidIsobutyric acidButyricacidIsovaleriacidValericacid-mmol/kg-Time(d)015.00.4716.72.230
26、.10.07ND0.90.140.40.150.40.18110.10.5932.61.790.10.08ND0.70.010.50.060.20.01211.20.0033.40.780.30.15ND0.70.220.50.020.20.0638.22.0046.43.380.30.110.40.020.70.020.50.290.20.0157.60.7134.51.710.30.060.30.200.70.070.40.010.10.0179.71.8242.23.060.60.470.80.650.60.070.30.000.10.021011.70.2432.91.511.10.1
27、11.30.060.70.040.40.130.10.001511.50.2446.41.061.61.721.31.440.60.000.20.01ND2010.30.4742.64.511.20.321.20.200.60.000.20.01ND3014.40.5951.32.762.00.112.42.490.40.090.30.08NDND:Not detectedKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU2)Chemical analysis of SFFPage 26PS:Lactic acid fermentationHomofermentation（
28、同型发酵）C6H12O6 2 CH3-CHOH-COOHHeterofermentation（异型发酵）PK：C6H12O6 CH3-CHOH-COOH+CH3-CH2OH+CO2HK：2C6H12O6 2CH3-CHOH-COOH+3CH3COOHeg:Lactobacillus fermentumKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU3)Pig performance and nutrient digestibilityPage 27 Effects of SFF on performance of growing-finishing pigs Effect
29、s of SFF on nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigsItemDietSEMpControlSFF14-25 kgDaily gain(g)392433240.26Daily intake(g)682740360.30Feed conversion1.91.710.080.1225-65 kgDaily gain(g)784759190.35Daily intake(g)1,8501,935330.09Feed conversion2.372.550.050.0165-95 kgDaily gain(g)1,0971,15048
30、0.45Daily intake(g)3,4493,6041240.39Feed conversion3.163.150.060.9014-95 kgDaily gain(g)766787230.56Daily intake(g)2,0002,099490.17Feed conversion2.622.680.040.33 Effects of SFF on performance of growing-finishing pigsEffects of SFF on nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigsItemDietSEMpCont
31、rol(%)SFF(%)14-25 kgEnergy89.1288.830.860.82Crude protein86.8587.661.700.74Calcium71.0768.361.470.22Phosphorus59.3057.381.960.5025-65 kgEnergy87.3588.150.630.39Crude protein88.2388.820.780.60Calcium52.8251.532.860.76Phosphorus39.9339.831.570.9765-95 kgEnergy88.8889.860.460.15Crude protein89.2490.520
32、.520.10Calcium42.4845.002.750.52Phosphorus31.0630.602.080.88KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAUConclusionPage 30 1)SSF resulted in high counts of LBA and low counts of enterobacteria of substrate.2)Feeding a diet containing SFF,free of antibiotics,can result in similar performance and nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs as a regular diet with antibiotics.3)SFF is a potential alternative to antibiotic inclusion in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs.Thank you!Thank you!敬请各位老师和同学批评指正！敬请各位老师和同学批评指正！
