1、陳超明政大英文系2022/8/3台大文學營“The Nineteenth century and our own have been rather the age of multiplication:a dispersion of sexualities,a strengthening of their disparate forces,a multiple implanation of perversions.”(Michel Foucault,The History of Sexuality:An Introduction,Vol 1,37)2022/8/3台大文學營I.維多利亞文學的回顧
2、(1832-1901)A.散文的世紀（散文及小說的巔峰期）Thomas Carlyle,Matthew Arnold,Mill,Newman,RuskinThe Brontes,Dickens,Thackeray,George Eliot,HardyTennyson,Browning,Arnold,Dante RossettiB.改革的時期（社會改革運動與進步的口號）Tennyson 的詩“Ulysses”“.I will drink/Life to the lees”“To follow knowledge like a sinking star,/Beyond the utmost bou
3、nd of human thought”“To strive,to seek,to find,and not to yield”2022/8/3台大文學營C.道德與文化的文學風格邊沁的功利主義與福音學派的道德訴說道德功能(moral utilities)，Arnold的文化與文學批評(主題的選擇)D.文學的淨化與僵化的道德壓抑家中天使、慈祥的父親、家庭的神聖性、工作的美德、性教育的道德化2022/8/3台大文學營E.美學運動的興起(為藝術而藝術)形式與內容的拉扯詩與畫的關係（前拉菲爾學派）Water Pater(印象論與美學相對論主觀美學)形式與內容的結合（音樂是最完美的藝術）Wilde的純文
4、學運動(All art is useless)F.男性父權社會的建構與女性運動的興起Tennysons The Princess“Man for the field and woman for the hearth;/Man for the sword and for the needle she/Man with the head and woman with the heart;Man to command and woman to obey”Mary Wollstonecarft,A Vindication of Rights of Women(1792)John Stuart Mill
5、,The Subjection of Women(1860)Virginia Woolf,A Room of Ones Own(1929),Professions for Women(killing the angel in the house)2022/8/3台大文學營II.維多利亞文學的傳統定位A.二十世紀的批評(雙重道德標準與功利的美學觀)厚重的小說與道德論述 B.通俗文學的經典化（以小說為例）暢銷小說的經典化（以狄更斯為例）C.文學市場化與普遍化（連載與說書）D.小說文類的多樣性（寫實小說、科幻小說、偵探小說、言情小說、懸疑說、歷史冒險小說）小說技巧與形式的磨練E.女性角色的天使化與小
6、說的教育化？2022/8/3台大文學營John Ruskin:Moral aesthetics“And I want you to think a little of the deep significance of this word“taste”;for no statement of mine has been more earnestly or oftener controverted than that good taste is essentially a moral quality.”(quoted from Victorian Temper,Buckley)“If art wa
7、s to mirror a larger totality,its function,they thought,must be at least implicitly moral the picture or the poem,the play or the statue was to edify as well as to delight by its reflection of an immutable design.”(Buckley)性是一種歷史與文化的建構物體，非生物之本能。“性是慾望、態度、角色與規範的綜合體，與所有社會行為共存“A.維多利亞的性世界與性文化（醫學、宗教、道德論述）
8、性道德化與性氾濫的對立純潔的家庭與色情的猖狂男性的性觀(宰制的父權觀念、男性能力肯定)女性的性角色（天使與娼妓）小孩的性成長（同性戀與自慰）B.文學的道德論述與性論述研究：Marcus的異類的維多利亞人虛偽與雙重的道德標準Michael Mason and Wendell Johnson維多利亞的性革命（情慾的維多利亞人）John Kuich的性壓抑理論John Maynard的性與宗教論述2022/8/3台大文學營I.I.Sex as“a complex of desires,attitudes,roles and norms that is virtually coextensive wi
9、th all social life”II.Studies on Victorian sexuality“Sexuality encourages multidisciplinary ventures”A.“The Other Victorian”from Victorian hypocrisy and double-standard sexual morality to an erotic worldB.Victorian sexual revolution Michael Mason and Wendell JohnsonC.John Kuichs theory of repression
10、D.John Maynards discourse on sexuality and religion2022/8/3台大文學營III.維多利亞文學中的性與道德性是一種歷史與文化的建構物體，非生物之本能。“性是慾望、態度、角色與規範的綜合體，與所有社會行為共存“A.維多利亞的性世界與性文化（醫學、宗教、道德論述）性道德化與性氾濫的對立純潔的家庭與色情的猖狂男性的性觀(宰制的父權觀念、男性能力肯定)女性的性角色（天使與娼妓）小孩的性成長（同性戀與自慰）B.文學的道德論述與性論述研究：Marcus的異類的維多利亞人虛偽與雙重的道德標準Michael Mason and Wendell Johnso
11、n維多利亞的性革命（情慾的維多利亞人）John Kuich的性壓抑理論John Maynard的性與宗教論述2022/8/3台大文學營III.Foucaultian scheme of sex and sexuality-the dangers of sexual repression debatesA.Sexuality as a discourseB.Power and pleasure mechanismsA dynamic relation between individuals and communities,power“operated as a mechanism of attr
12、action;it drew out those peculiarities over which it kept watch.Pleasure spread to the power that harried it;power anchored the pleasure it uncovered”All the Victorian discourses on sex,such as medical examination,the psychiatric investigation,the pedagogical report and family control,functioned as
13、mechanisms for dealing with sex with a double impetus:pleasure and power.2022/8/3台大文學營IV.傅科的性與性意識理論架構A.性壓抑論的繆論變態與病態的形成 性科學化的危機權力與知識的掌控與轉化B.性與性意識是種論述(discourse)透過性論述與性意識來認識性與自我的存在C.權力與享樂機制(power and pleasure mechanisms)“權力是種個體與群體之間動態的關係，它是種吸引的機制,引導出所監控的特殊性，隨著權力，享樂機制應運而起；權力啟動它所暴露出的享樂“所有維多利亞對性的論述，如醫學檢查
14、、心理諮詢、教育報告及家庭計畫都是這兩種機制的互動結果。2022/8/3台大文學營C.Four specific mechanisms of knowledge and power centering on sex(medical,pathological and moral discourses)hysterization of womens bodies;pedagogization of childrens sex;socialization of procreative behavior;psychiatrization of perverse pleasureD.Jeffrey We
15、ekss social arenas in the social organization of sexuality:kinship and family system,economic and social organization,social regulation,political interventions and the development of cultures of resistance2022/8/3台大文學營D.四種以權力與享樂機制所產生的論述機制（包含醫學、病理、道德的論述）女性肉體的歇斯底里化兒童性的教條化生育行為的社會化變態享樂行為的精神病化E.性意識社會建構的場
16、景(Jeffrey Weeks)家族與家庭制度、經濟與社會組織、社會規範、政治介入、對抗文化的發展2022/8/3台大文學營IV.Victorian sexual culture,a dynamic interaction of various discoursesA.Medical and moral discourse on female sexuality vs.recognition of female sexuality in maternity(Jane Eyre)B.Discipline on childrens sex vs.recognition of sexual iden
17、tities and relations(in the example of masturbation)(David Copperfield and Uriah Heep;Jane Eyre;Tess)C.Active procreative behavior vs.passive sexual pleasure(Dorothea Brooke in Middlemarch)D.Discourse on the homosexual from a legal and moral system to a medical conceptualization(David and Steerforth
18、;Jane and Helen Burns)2022/8/3台大文學營V.維多利亞的性文化不同論述的動態互動A.醫學與道德對女性性意識的論述 vs 對母性性意識的肯定（簡愛）B.兒童性的制約 vs 性角色及關係的認定（塊肉餘生錄、簡愛）C.主動的生殖行為 vs 被動的性享樂D.同性戀行為道德與法律論 vs 醫學觀念化2022/8/3台大文學營 V.Literary texts as the heart of discourse-myth and reality,culture and counter-course,allusion and obfuscationA.Jane Eyre a co
19、ntradictory discourse of women as figures of asexuality and symbol of desire and self-fulfilling)B.David Copperfield a case study of childrens sex education and homosexualityC.Middlemarch a socialization of libidinal urge 2022/8/3台大文學營VI.文學文本成為論述的核心神話與現實；文化與反文化；指涉與阻礙孤兒（私生子）情結社會的性遊戲、教化的過程、難產、統治階級對被統治
20、階級的洗腦過程A.簡愛Jane Eyre矛盾的文本（女性的非性話語性愛滿足的象徵）女性身體的歇斯底里化與情慾的合理化女性性慾的二分法天使與閣樓瘋女人Madonnas(figures of asexuality,passionlessness,innocence,self-abnegation)Magdalens(sexual,desiring,pursuing self-fulfilling)B.咆哮山莊Wuthering Heights情慾的去社會化C.烈愛風雲Great Expectations兒童性意識成長的教育與脫軌D.塊肉餘生錄David Copperfield性教育與同性戀的社會與
21、文化意涵E.中途鎮Middlemarch 情慾的社會化2022/8/3台大文學營“In Sex and Death in Victorian Literature,Regina Barreca contends that the portrayal of sex is not wholly absent from Victorian literature.Yet it does require a sacrifice of verisimilitude or a metaphorical disguise to explore the sexual nature and anxieties o
22、f characters(3).The value system of Victorian respectability and chastity was exerting its power mechanisms on writers self-conscious restraint in narratives.However,the pleasures of transgressing its boundaries bring these writers to the brink of reconstructing their own“sexual culture”in their fic
23、tions.Vivid descriptions of some erotic scenes and counter-dominant cultural discourses are found everywhere.It is between this restraint(power)and transgression(pleasure)that a dynamic picture of Victorian sexual culture emerges.”(Chen,Sexual Culture in Victorian Fiction)2022/8/3台大文學營 V.Literary te
24、xts as the heart of discourse-myth and reality,culture and counter-course,allusion and obfuscationA.Jane Eyre a contradictory discourse of women as figures of asexuality and symbol of desire and self-fulfilling)B.David Copperfield a case study of childrens sex education and homosexualityC.Middlemarc
25、h a socialization of libidinal urge 2022/8/3台大文學營“In Sex and Death in Victorian Literature,Regina Barreca contends that the portrayal of sex is not wholly absent from Victorian literature.Yet it does require a sacrifice of verisimilitude or a metaphorical disguise to explore the sexual nature and an
26、xieties of characters(3).The value system of Victorian respectability and chastity was exerting its power mechanisms on writers self-conscious restraint in narratives.However,the pleasures of transgressing its boundaries bring these writers to the brink of reconstructing their own“sexual culture”in
27、their fictions.Vivid descriptions of some erotic scenes and counter-dominant cultural discourses are found everywhere.It is between this restraint(power)and transgression(pleasure)that a dynamic picture of Victorian sexual culture emerges.”(Chen,Sexual Culture in Victorian Fiction)2022/8/3台大文學營Questions?2022/8/3台大文學營
