1、中考英语 句子成分及其句子种类 从历年中考试题的情况来看，句子成分及其句子种类相关题目的考查，占相当的比重。因为句子成分及其句子种类的变化多，而且是句子的核心部分，所以在进行单项或知识点复习时，务必把句子成分及其句子种类相关的部分作为复习的重点。首先是句子成分，不但要把常见的基本概念搞清楚，而且有必要做大量的相应练习。这样才能在实 际应用中少出错或不出错。【出处：21教育名师】一）句子的基本成分句子的基本成分有以下几种：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。1、主语：句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当，位于句首。The boy needs a p
2、en. Smoking is bad for you = To smoke is bad for you 2、谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。由动词或系动词加表语担任，常置于主语后。The train leaves at 6 oclock.She is reading.3、宾语：表示动作的对象。一般由名词或代词担当，常置于谓语后。He won the game. He likes playing computer.2-1-c-n-j-y4、 表语：用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。一般由名词或形容词担任，置于系动词或be动词之后。He is a student.We are tired.注意：除了
3、be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。5、定语：对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。The black bike is mine.（形容词）The boy in blue is Jim.（介词短语）I have nothing to do today.（动词不定式）注意：1) 当定语修饰不定代词如：
4、nothing , anything , everything , something等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。 例如： I tell him something interesting.2) 不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：The boys who are in the room are playing games.6）状语：用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句，位置灵活。1）修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；I am very sorry.2）表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首。In order to cheer hi
5、m up, I told him the truth.3）一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。We often help him. He is always late for class.7）补语：补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。He made me sad.（形容词）She asks me to take an umbrella.（不定式）The war made him a soldier.（名词）I find him at home.（介词短语）I saw
6、a cat running along the wall.（分词）8）同位语：同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. I myself will do the experiment.She is the oldest among them six.二）简单句五种基本句型：句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型：1、基本句型的词序： 2、划分符号(没有统一规定,仅
7、供参考)：主语： 定语：( )谓语： 状语： 宾语： 宾补： 表语： 主谓句型：SVi。主系表句型：SVlinkP主谓宾句型：SVt.O主谓双宾句型：SVtO间宾O直宾主谓宾补句型：SVtOC例句：Jim is working very hard now.（他现在正非常努力地工作。）She is young. （她年轻。） It looks like rain. （天看上去要下雨。）The boy always kicked the dog with his feet. （这男孩老是用脚踢那只狗。）21教育网He has never bought me a toy since last yea
8、r.（从去年起他没给我买过玩具。）He felt something (cold) .（他感到有个冰冷的东西顺着腿上爬。）三）句子的基本分类1、按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1）陈述句：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：Light travels faster than sound.光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）2）疑问句：提出问题。有以下四种：a. 一般疑问句： Can you finish the work in time? Yes, I can / No, I cant b. 特殊疑问
9、句：Where do you live? I live in c. 选择疑问句：Do you want tea or coffee? Tea/Coffeed. 反意疑问句：He doesnt know her, does he? Yes, he doesnt / No, he does3）祈使句：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：Dont be nervous!4）感叹句：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：What good news it is!2、按其结构，句子可以分为以下三类：1）简单句：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：We dont like children.2）并列句：包
10、含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：The food was good, but he had little appetite. 3）复合句：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 四）句子的基本结构1、简单句的特点：简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。如：Things changed. Trees are green.We dont like children.2、简单句的种类：简单句一般分为陈
11、述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。3、陈述句：用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。陈述句的肯定式： He is a middle school student.（他是个中学生）陈述句的否定式：1)谓语动词如果是to be 、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如：My brother is not a teacher.（我的弟弟不是教师）/ He does not have a cousin.（他没有堂兄弟）/ I will not go there tomorrow.（明天我不去那儿）/ My mother is not cooking a meal in
12、the kitchen.（我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭）/ You must not make such mistakes again.（你不该再犯类似错误了） / We havent discussed the question yet（我们还没有讨论那个问题呢）.2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(dont).如： I dont know anything about it.(此事我一无所知) / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.（李明不在农村养猪）/ We didnt expect to meet
13、 her right here.（我们没指望着在这里见到她）/ We didnt have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与have got的否定式相同。 如：I havent (got) any brothers or sisters.（我没有兄弟姐妹）注意句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、notat all等；All of them went there.N
14、one of them went there.（他们全都去了那里他们全都没去那里）句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时, 则视为否定句。如：Few people live there because life there is very hard.（几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了）陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如：Thats your boss?（那就是你的老板？！）陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序,即：主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。所有的从句
15、一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。如：The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. （老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家）/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?（能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗？）4、疑问句：一般疑问句： 用“yes”或“no”来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。1)一般疑问句构成：句中谓语动词是to be、助动词、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语
16、前面。如：Is he an engineer?（他是工程师吗？）/ Have you got todays newspaper? （你有今天的报纸吗？）/ Shall we go to see a film this evening? （我们今晚去看电影好吗？）/ Can you explain it ?（你能解释它吗？）/ Is there any fish for supper?（晚饭有鱼吗？）/ Would you like to go out for a walk?（你想出去散步吗？）谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do / does / did, 原来的谓
17、语动词改为原形。如：Do you get up at six every morning?（你天天早晨六点起身吗？）/ Does she study hard?（她学习努力吗？）/ Did you go there yesterday?（昨天你去那儿了吗？）2)一般疑问句的回答：一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如：Will you join us in playing basketball?（你加入我们打篮球好吗？）Yes, we will.（是的我们会。）/ No, we wont.（不我们不会。）Have you got todays newspaper?（你有今天的报纸吗？）Yes, I
18、 have .（是的有。）/ No, I havent.（不没有。）回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。注意 回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。3)一般疑问句的否定结构(即否定形式的一般疑问句)表示惊奇、责怪、建议、看法等,只要将“not”置于主语之后或者将“not”放到主语之前与be, have等助动词或情态动词合并在一起就可以了。如：Will he not come?（他难道不来吗？）/ Isnt your sister a Party member?（你的姐姐不是党员吗？）这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定结构
19、”；如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定结构”。(情况与反意问句类似。)如： Cant he answer the question? (他不能回答这个问题吗？)Yes,he can.(不,他能回答这个问题。) No,he cant. (是的,他不能回答这个问题。)特殊疑问句：要求具体回答的问句。疑问代词+一般疑问句+？除who以外的疑问代词短语疑问副词1)特殊疑问句结构是：如：What do you want?（你要什么？）/ Who(m) are you looking for ?（你在找谁？）/ Whose magazine is this?（这是谁的杂志？）/Which class ar
20、e you in?（你在哪班？）/ When did you get up this morning?（你今早什么时候起身的？）/ Where have you been?（你到哪儿去了？）/ Why did he go to bed so early?（他为什么这么早睡觉？）/ How did you go there?（你是怎么去的那儿？）但是,“who”引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同：如：Who is dancing over there?（谁在那边跳舞？）有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如：Wha
21、t is on the wall?（什么东西在墙上？/墙上有什么？）/ Which is yours?（哪个是你的？）/ Whose book is in your bag?（谁的书在你的书包里？）注意从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用！如果只对主语或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词：疑问代词： who, whom, whose, which, what,疑问副词： when, where, why, how,how构成的短语：how many (多少个) (独立用；或跟
22、可数名词), how much (多少) (独立用；或跟不可数名词), how old (多大年纪), how far (多远), how often (多常),how long (多久,多长), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如：Why dont you ask Jim instead?(常缩略为Why not?) 4) 特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如：When and where were you born?5) 疑问词如果是介词的宾语,则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如：What do y
23、ou want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干嘛要一台电脑呢？)反意疑问句： 反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”或“no”来进行回答。1) 构成：由两部分组成：前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,它是由be ,have, 助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构；反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致；反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。陈述句部分附加问句部分注 意 点肯定陈述句否定的简短一般问句
24、当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句中沿用该词；否则就使用do/does/did.否定陈述句肯定的简短一般问句如：He is old, isnt he? (他老了不是吗？) / The man went away, didnt he? (那个男人走开了不是吗？) / He isnt old, is he? (他不老是吗？) / He never went there, did he? (他从没有去过那里是吗？)2) 反意问句的回答：无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循：“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式”如：The man went away, did
25、nt he?(那人走开了,不是吗？)Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didnt.(不,他没有走。)The man never went there, did he?(这人从来不去那里,是吗？)Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, he didnt.(是呀,他不去。)选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。1) 构成：(1) 一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项？(2) 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项？2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。
26、如：Is your friend a boy or a girl? A girl. (-你的朋友是男孩还是女孩？-是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? Tea, please. (-你要哪一样咖啡还是茶？-请来茶吧。) / Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? -Dancing, of course. (-唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样？-当然是跳舞啦！)5、祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。祈使句的肯定式： 动词(原形) + 其他 如：Please
27、give me a hand. (请帮忙) / Shut up! (住嘴！) 祈使句的否定式： Dont +动词原形 + 其他 如：Please dont talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。) / Dont look back! (不要掉头看。)注意 以“lets”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“lets”后面。如：Lets not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)21教育名师原创作品肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如：Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)5、 感叹句：感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“！”对含有
28、形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是：What + (a /an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如：What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩！) / What bad weather (it is)! (天气真糟糕！)21仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是：How + 形容词/副词 + 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefully the old man walks! (这老人走路真小心！) / How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃
29、！) / How beautiful! (真美呀！)有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。He is sitting on a tigers back! (他坐在老虎的背上！) / A nice shot! (漂亮一击！) / Good goal! (好球！)简单句基本句型结构1、主语 系动词 表语2、主语 谓语（不及物动词）3、主语 谓语（及物动词） 宾语4、主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语There be 结构1、定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2、结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词
30、+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语. 注意事项： there在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。 There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。 There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。 There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一
31、个女孩。考点一：句子成分典例1:(济宁中考)-Is that car Mrs. Blacks?-No, _ is a white one.A. she B. her C. hers D. his【解析】考查句子主语，答语缺少主语，名词性物主代词在句中作主语。故选C,【答案】C举一反三1.(苏州中考)This work needs close teamwork._ will be achieved unless we work well together.A. Nothing B.Anything C. Something D. Everything2.(白银中考)My brother_ to
32、move the heavy box, but I didnt give up.A. reminded B. refused C. agreed D. considered3.-Excuse me, Mr Li, where is the Fishing Island?-Let me show you on the map. Its _the east of China.A. in B. on C. to4.(嘉兴中考)Im looking for a bank，but I cant find_.A. it B.one C. this5.(凉山中考) When you move somewhe
33、re new，the first thing for you is to find a place_A. to live B. living in C. to live in 6.(天津中考)Cambridge is a small city_ the east of England.A. between B. with C. in D. under7.(安顺中考) I saw some boy students _basketball when I passed the playground.A. played B. plays C. playing D. to play考点二：句子基本结构
34、典例1：The weather forecast says that there _(be) another storm tomorrow.(2015，广州)【解析】句子结构为“主语谓语that引导的宾语从句”，“tomorrow”为将来时的标志。举一反三1.Now，people have more _(自由的) time.Square Dancing is becoming more and more popular.(2015，安徽)2.Has Jane done the washing yet?You cannot _(期望) her to do such a thing.(2015，苏
35、州)-3.Tom，dont throw the rubbish on the floor.We should keep the classroom _(干净的)Oh，sorry.Miss Wang.(2015，自贡)考点三：句子种类典例1：(2014年咸宁)Do you want to go to Taiwan or Tibet for holiday?_.A.No, I dont B.Yes, I do C.Good idea D.I want to Taiwan 21cnjy举一反三1. (2014年呼和浩特）I hear they are going to London, but I d
36、ont know _ they will stay there.A.how soon B.how often C.how long D.how fast2.(2012年衢州)Excuse me, _ can I get to the nearest bookshop?Go along this road and you will find it on your right.Awhy Bwhere Cwhen Dhow3.(2014年安顺)I dont think she will agree with us, _？ Awill she Bwont she Cdont you Ddo you4.
37、(2013年泸州)Tell me the way to the cinema, _ you?Awill Bneed Cshall Dmay5._ carefully, Michael! Theres a school ahead.ADrive BTo drive CDrove DDriving6.(2014年长沙)_ nervous the girl was! She could not fall asleep all night.AWhat B.What a C.How1.(2014年咸宁)Do you want to go to Taiwan or Tibet for holiday?_.
38、2A.No, I dont B.Yes, I do C.Good idea D.I want to Taiwan 2.(2014年呼和浩特)I hear they are going to London, but I dont know _ they will stay there.A.how soon B.how often C.how long D.how fast3.(2012年衢州)Excuse me, _ can I get to the nearest bookshop?Go along this road and you will find it on your right.Aw
39、hy Bwhere Cwhen Dhow4.(2014年安顺)I dont think she will agree with us, _？ Awill she Bwont she Cdont you Ddo you5.(2013年泸州)Tell me the way to the cinema, _ you?Awill Bneed Cshall Dmay6.(2012年安顺)You can hardly swim，_ you?_.But my mother says shell teach me during my summer holiday.Acant; No Bcan; No Ccan
40、t; Yes Dcan; Yes7.Its sunny today.Lets go mountain climbing, _？A.shall we B.will you Cwont you Dshould me8.(2014年上海)_ carefully, Michael! Theres a school ahead.ADrive BTo drive CDrove DDriving9.(2013年南充)_ call me Wang Wang! Its my dogs name.ANot BNo CDont10.(2014年长沙)_ nervous the girl was! She could
41、 not fall asleep all night.AWhat B.What a C.How11.(2013年济南)Have you heard of Zhang Lili? She was seriously hurt in an accident in order to save one of her students. _ good teacher!A.How BWhat CWhat a DWhat an12.(2012年自贡)A subway will be built in our hometown before 2015._！ Will it pass my house?A Wh
42、at an excited news BWhat exciting news 13.(2014年佛山)_ seriously ill the poor old monkey is!AHow BWhat a CWhat14.(2014年佛山)_ can we learn from the film Frozen? True love, I think.AWho BWhat CWhich15.(2014年梅州)_ play with fire._ with fire is dangerous.ADont; Playing BNot; Playing CDont; Play DNot to; To
43、play16.(2014年广州)Sorry Im late. _ tell me the bus broke down again!ANever to BNot CDont DNo17.(2014年连云港)_ will the fog and haze last?Ive no idea.There is no sign of an end.AHow soon BHow far CHow long DHow often18.(2014年平凉)Do you mind if I smoke here?_.Its nonsmoking area.ACertainly not BOf course no
44、t CIm afraid not DIm sorry but I do19.(2014年达州)Judys never been late for school, _ she?_.She is always the first to get to school every morning.A is; Yes Bhas; No Cisnt; Yes Dhasnt; No20.(2014年龙东)What can you see in the garden?Flowers._ beautiful they are!A.What BHow CHow a21.(2014年十堰)_ weather it is today!AWhat hotB.How hot CWhat a hotD.How a hotKey:1-5:DCDAA 6-10:BAACC 11-15:CCCBA 16
