1、句子成分句子成分v一)句子成分的定义:一)句子成分的定义:v构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。v句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;v主要成分有主要成分有主语和谓语主语和谓语;v次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和同位语和插入语插入语。第1页,共28页。句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名,代,数,不定名,代,数,不定式,动名词,短语或式,动名词,短语或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Mi
2、ddle School.谓语谓语说明主语做什么,是什么或怎说明主语做什么,是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象同主语同主语Both of us like English.表语表语与联系动词连用,一起构成谓与联系动词连用,一起构成谓语,说明主语的性质或特征语,说明主语的性质或特征同主语同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形,代,数,名形,代,数,名,副,介词短语或句子副
3、,介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语状语修饰动词,形容词,副词,表修饰动词,形容词,副词,表示动作发生的时间,地点,原示动作发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,方式,结果等因,目的,方式,结果等副词,介词短语或句副词,介词短语或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词,名词,介词形容词,名词,介词短语等短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础,宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数
4、,动词作谓不可无!主语谓语是基础,宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数,动词作谓不可无!第2页,共28页。二)主语:二)主语:v主语主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。动名词、名词化的形容词和主
5、语从句等表示。例如:例如:第3页,共28页。1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.(名词)(代词)
6、(数词)(不定式)(动名词)(名词化的形容词)第4页,共28页。7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.(主语从句)(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)第5页,共28页。(三)谓语(三)谓语 v谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:主语之后。谓语的构成如下:v1
7、、简单谓语简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:如:He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.第6页,共28页。(三)谓语(三)谓语 第7页,共28页。(四)表语(四)表语 v表语表语(Predicative)v用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份,用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份,它一般位于系动词(如它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。等)之后。v表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形
8、容词、数词、副副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如:语从句表示。例如:第8页,共28页。1.Our teacher of English is an American.(名词)(名词)2.Is it yours?(代词)(代词)3.The weather has turned cold.(形容词)(形容词)4.The speech is exciting.(分词)(分词)5.Three times seven is twenty one?(数词)(数词)第9页,共28页。6.His job is to teach English.(不定
9、式)(不定式)7.His hobby is playing football.(动名词)(动名词)8.The meeting is of great importance.(介词短语)(介词短语)9.Time is up.The class is over.(副词)(副词)10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)(表语从句)第10页,共28页。注意:系动词(注意:系动词(Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语,用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。1)状态系动词状态系动词用来
10、表示主语状态,只有用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,一词,例如:例如:He is a teacher.2)持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有或态度,主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如:例如:He always kept silent at meeting.3)表像系动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念,这一概念,主要有主要有seem,appear,look,例如:例如:He seems(to be)very sad.第11页,共28页。注意:系动词(注意:系动词(Linking ver
11、b)用于连接主语和表语,用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.5)变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有表示主语变成什么样,主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如:例如:The river was beginning to run dry.6)终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,t
12、urn out,表达表达结果是结果是;证明是证明是,之意,之意,例如:例如:The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.第12页,共28页。(五)宾语(五)宾语 v宾语(宾语(Object)表示动作的对象或承爱者,一)表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do y
13、ou have?I have five.(名词)(代词、动名词)(名词、数词)第13页,共28页。4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think(that)he is fit for his office.(名词化形容词,名词)(不定式短语)(动名词短语)(宾语从句)第14页,共28页。v宾语种类宾语种类:v(1)双宾语(间接宾语)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:直接宾语),例如:L
14、end me your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等,例如:等,例如:He sent the novel to William yesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等,例如:等,例如:She bought a gift for her mother.v(2)复合宾语(宾语)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:宾补),例如:vThey elected h
15、im their monitor.第15页,共28页。v下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等,如:等,如:He refused to lend me his bike.第16页,共28页。v下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,
16、excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等,等,如:如:John has admitted breaking the window.第17页,共28页。v下列动词既可接不定式,也可接动名词做宾下列动词既可接不定式,也可接动名词做宾语,但意义不同,如语,但意义不同,如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。等。vforget to do表示表示“未发生的动作未发生的动作”,forget doing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如:。如:vDont forget to come here earlier
17、tomorrow.(还没来还没来)vI forgot returning the book to him.v(书已还给他了书已还给他了)v第18页,共28页。(六)宾语补足语(六)宾语补足语 v宾语补足语(宾语补足语(Object Complement),用),用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾语之于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有:需接复合宾语的动词有:tell,let,help,teach,ask,see,have,order,make等。等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副一般可由名词、
18、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:例如:第19页,共28页。1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city
19、 what your city is now.(名词)(形容词)(副词)(不定式短语)(现在分词)(介词短语)(从句)第20页,共28页。(七)定语(七)定语 v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。v定语可由以下等成分表示:定语可由以下等成分表示:1.Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词(形容词)2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.(分词(分词)3.There are thirty women teachers in
20、 our school.(名词)(名词)4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代词)(代词)第21页,共28页。5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语)(不定式短语)6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词)(动名词)7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.(介词短语)(介词短语)8.She is th
21、e girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句定语从句)第22页,共28页。(八)状语(八)状语 v修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语(Adverbial)。可由以下形式表示)。可由以下形式表示:1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance ex
22、amination.(副词及副词性词组)(介词短语)(不定式短语)第23页,共28页。4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin,you must continue.(分词短语)(名词)(状语从句)第24页,共28页。9种状语种类如下:1.How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt
23、rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(时间状语)(原因状语)(条件状语)(地点状语)(方式状语)第25页,共28页。v She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.8.She works very
24、 hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.(伴随状语)(目的状语)(结果状语)(让步状语)(比较状语)第26页,共28页。(九)同位语(九)同位语(Appositive)对前面的名)对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,通常由名词、词或代词做进一步的解释,通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任,如:数词、代词或从句担任,如:This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.(十)插入语(十)插入语(Parenthesis)对一句话)对一句话做一些附加的解释,通常有做一些附加的解释,通常有to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)等,如:等,如:To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.第27页,共28页。张道真v解决实际问题就行;分析句子时要注意适可而止。v简单句?并列句?复合句?主语?谓语?剩下部分起什么作用?第28页,共28页。