1、UNIT 4Friends foreverUsing language(1)Attributive clauses(1)Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.1What does“that”refer to in sentence(a)?2What does“who”refer to in sentence(b)?“That”refers to“the people”in sentence(a).“Who”refers to“people”in sentence(b).aWe can.st
2、ay in touch with the people that we want to remain friends with.bThe digital age also enables us to find people who share our interests.Attributive clauses(1)Compare the two groups of sentences and answer the questions.3What is the difference between the two groups of sentences?aWe can.stay in touch
3、 with the people that we want to remain friends with.bThe digital age also enables us to find people who share our interests.Sentences(a)and(b)both contain a clause defining a noun in each sentence.Sentences(c)and(d)are each constructed with a pair of simple sentences,with one defining a noun that a
4、ppears in the other sentence in each pair.cWe can.stay in touch with people.We want to remain friends with them.dThe digital age also enables us to find people.These people share our interests.Attributive clauses(1)Compare the two groups of sentences and answer the questions.4Why does the author cho
5、ose to use sentences(a)and(b)in the reading passage?aWe can.stay in touch with the people that we want to remain friends with.bThe digital age also enables us to find people who share our interests.Because there is a closer link and connection between“people”and the clause defining it in sentences(a
6、)and(b).It also makes the passage clearer,and creates an emphatic effect on the people or things being defined.cWe can.stay in touch with people.We want to remain friends with them.dThe digital age also enables us to find people.These people share our interests.Attributive clauses(1)Compare the two
7、groups of sentences and answer the questions.5 What other words are used to introduce attributive clauses?What do they refer to?aWe can.stay in touch with the people that we want to remain friends with.bThe digital age also enables us to find people who share our interests.Other words used to introd
8、uce attributive clauses include“which”,“whom”and“whose”.They can refer to an object or a thing,a person as the object of an action and the relationship of belonging.cWe can.stay in touch with people.We want to remain friends with them.dThe digital age also enables us to find people.These people shar
9、e our interests.Attributive clauses(1)Rewrite the underlined sentences with that,which,who,whom or whose.Lucy is my friend.She has a hearing problem.When she first came to my school,she seemed lonely,but we soon became friends.At first it was difficult to communicate with her.So I learnt a new langu
10、age.It allows me to“speak”with my hands.Lucy is a smart girl.Her ideas are always inspiring.I sometimes have problems.I cant solve them.When this happens,I always ask Lucy for help.Lucy is a good listener.I enjoy sharing moments of my life with her.Lucy is my friend who/that has a hearing problem.So
11、 I learnt a new language that/which allows me to“speak”with my hands.Lucy is a smart girl whose ideas are always inspiring.I sometimes have problems(that/which)I cant solve.Lucy is a good listener(who/whom/that)I enjoy sharing moments of my life with.Attributive clauses(1)Complete the online forum p
12、ost with that,which,who,whom or whose.Walking group welcomes new members!Walk and Talk is a group 1_ meets every Sunday.It is free to join.Walk and Talk is perfect for anyone 2_ weekends need some excitement.We are all teenagers 3_ love walking and making new friends.We want you to join us!The next
13、walk 4_ is open to new members is on 22 July.You can also bring your friends.However,anyone 5_ you bring must be over 12 years old.Come along and join the fun!that/whichwhosethat/whowhich/thatwho/whom定语定语从句（从句（1 1）关系代词的用法关系代词的用法1 定语从句概述（1）定义：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句，叫做定语从句。它所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。（2）构成The book whi
14、ch（关系词）I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.先行词 定语从句我正在读的这本书是托马斯哈代写的。Real winners are those whose（关系词）failures inspire them to go at it again.先行词 定语从句真正的赢家是那些被失败所鼓舞继续向前的人。（3）分类：限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。（限
15、制性定语从句）The sun heats the earth，which makes it possible for plants to grow.太阳给予大地热量，这就使植物的生长成为可能。（非限制性定语从句）关系代词：that，which，who，whom，whose，as 关系副词：when，where，why 关系代词的具体用法见下表：关系代词关系代词先行词先行词在从句中所作的成分在从句中所作的成分that 人、物 主语、宾语which 物主语、宾语who人主语、宾语whom人宾语whose人、物定语as人、物主语、宾语（4）关系词写出下列各句中定语从句的先行词、关系词以及关系词在从句
16、中所作的成分写出下列各句中定语从句的先行词、关系词以及关系词在从句中所作的成分（1）But the one million people of the city，who thought little of these events，were asleep as usual that night._（2）The man whose father I have talked to is Jack._（3）A huge crack that was eight kilometres long and thirty metres wide cut across houses，roads and can
17、als._（4）The number of people who were killed or seriously injured reached more than 400，000._先行词：the one million people of the city；关系词：who，在 从句中作主语先行词：the man；关系词：whose，在从句中作定语先行词：a huge crack；关系词：that，在从句中作主语先行词：people；关系词：who，在从句中作主语写出下列各句中定语从句的先行词、关系词以及关系词在从句中所作的成分写出下列各句中定语从句的先行词、关系词以及关系词在从句中所作的
18、成分（5）They can choose something that they like._（6）词汇复现The army organised teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead._（7）Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed._（8）He never got back the money which he had lent to his friend._先行词：something；关系词：that，在从句中作宾
19、语先行词：those；关系词：who，在从句中作主语先行词：survivors；关系词：whose，在从句中作定语先行词：the money；关系词：which，在从句中作宾语2 关系代词的用法（1）that 既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。（2）which 指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。（3）who 指人，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。（4）whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略，也可用that/who 代替。（5）whose 既可指人也可指物，表“所属”关系，在定语从句中作定语。Ive got a novel（which/
20、that）you may like to read.我弄到一本你或许想看的小说。（指物，作宾语）I have no idea about the man who/that wrote the article.我不认识写这篇文章的那个人。（指人，作主语）Who is the girl（whom/that/who）you talked to just now?刚才和你说话的那个女孩是谁？（指人，作宾语）Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate?你知道她的哥哥与你同寝室的那个女孩的名字吗?（指人，作定语）I li
21、ke the house whose window faces south.我喜欢窗户朝南的那所房子。（指物，作定语）【误区警示误区警示】（1）关系代词指代先行词且在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或定语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。The film（that/which）we saw it last night was very frightening.（）The film（that/which）we saw last night was very frightening.（）（2）关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。（3）w
22、ay 作先行词的定语从句当way 表示“方式、方法”在句中作先行词，后被一个定语从句修饰且定语从句中缺少状语时，引导定语从句可用that 或in which，也可以省略。I dont like the way that he laughed at me.=I dont like the way in which he laughed at me.=I dont like the way he laughed at me.我不喜欢他用那种方式来嘲笑我。填上适当的关系代词，并写出关系代词的用法和功能填上适当的关系代词，并写出关系代词的用法和功能（1）词汇复现A CD-ROM is a separa
23、te disk contains lots of information.（）（2）This is the suitcase she is looking for.（）（3）词汇复现The number of the people come to visit this city each year reaches one million.（）（4）We are concerned about the people have suffered a lot in the earthquake.（）（5）Danny was the man we rescued from the ruins.（）（6
24、）Rose is the person you should care about.（）（7）Is that the girl you spoke of the other day?（）（8）I know the person house was totally destroyed in the earthquake.（）（9）He lived in a house walls and roof had partly collapsed.（）that/which指物，作主语that/which指物，作宾语，可以省略who/that指人，作主语who/that指人，作主语who/whom/tha
25、t指人，作宾语，可以省略指人，作定语，修饰house指物，作定语，修饰walls and roof who/whom/that指人，作宾语，可以省略who/whom/that指人，作宾语，可以省略whosewhose3 宜用 that 不宜用 which 引导定语从句的情况（1）当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。We have to consider the first thing that starts our work.我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on
26、 show before.这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。（2）当先行词是 all，little，few，much，any，everything，anything，nothing，none 等不定代词或先行词被这些词修饰时。Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy.任何能够燃烧的东西都是热能源。（3）当先行词被 the only，the very，the last，the same 等修饰时。That is the only way that leads to your success.那是通向你成功的唯一的路。【学法点拨学法点
27、拨】以上三种情况有一个共同特点，就是先行词或先行词之前的修饰语往往带有“唯一”或者“全部”的概念，以致无法作出选择。因为关系代词 which 是疑问代词，表示“哪一个”，含有选择意味，所以，用that 引导万无一失。（4）当先行词既包括人又包括物时。He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.他问起他参观过的工厂和拜访过的工人的情况。（5）当主句是以which 开头的特殊疑问句时。Which of the books that have pictures is worth reading?哪本有插图的书值得一读？单句
28、语法填空并分析单句语法填空并分析（1）The first thing you should do is call the police right away.（2）This is the most delicious food I have ever had.（3）All can be done has been done.（4）Tell me everything you know.（5）Please send us any information you have about the subject.（6）The only thing she could do was go to the
29、police for help.（7）This is the very book I want to buy.（8）词汇复现Sometimes we should ignore the persons and things upset us.（9）Which of the books you bought is the most useful for my writing?that先行词被序数词修饰that先行词被形容词最高级修饰that先行词是allthat先行词是everythingthat先行词被any 修饰that先行词被the only 修饰that先行词被the very 修饰th
30、atthat先行词既包括人又包括物主句是以which 开头的特殊疑问句4 宜用 which 不宜用 that 引导定语从句的情况（1）引导非限制性定语从句时。The most important form of energy is electrical energy，which is widely used in our daily life.最重要的能源形式是电能，它广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之中。（2）当关系代词前有介词时。The world in which we live is made of matter.=The world that we live in is made of m
31、atter.我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。（3）先行词是that 时，为了避免重复，定语从句用which 不用that 引导。Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么东西？单句语法填空并分析单句语法填空并分析（1）Football，is an interesting game，is very popular all over the world.（2）This is the house in Mo Yan once lived.（3）That you told him is what we want to kn
32、ow.（4）He said that he had never seen her before，was not true.whichthat 不能引导非限制性定语从句which“介词+关系代词”时，关系代词用which 不用thatwhich先行词本身是thatwhichthat 不能引导非限制性定语从句5 关系代词 as 引导的定语从句（1）as 既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。它常用在 the same.as.，such.as.等结构中，as 不能省略。Such people as you describe are rarely seen nowadays.你描述的这种人现在
33、很少见了。【误区警示误区警示】当先行词被the same 修饰时，也可用 that 引导定语从句，但指同一物，而不是同一类。I have bought the same watch as you have.我买了一块和你一样的手表。（同样的手表，但不是同一块）This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢的那块手表。（同一块手表）（2）as 引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句的内容。从句可放在主句前、主句中间或主句后。As I know，she hasnt got married.如我所知，她还没结婚。They won first place in the g
34、ame，as could be expected.可以预料，他们在比赛中得了第一。【归纳拓展归纳拓展】as 引导非限制性定语从句常用的固定表达：as we all know 众所周知 as is well known 众所周知as you see 如你所见as can be seen 正如所见 as we expect 正如我们期望的as is/was expected 正如期望的 as often happens 正如经常发生的 as is often the case 情况常常是这样 as I can remember 正如我所记得的 as has been said before 如前所
35、述单句语法填空单句语法填空（1）Such reasons we give can persuade him to give up his foolish plan.（2）Ill buy the same dictionary you have.（3）you know，she is a stubborn girl，and I cant persuade her to change her mind.（4）My grandfather is fond of talking about the good old days，is often the case with old people.比较比较并翻译并翻译（5）This is the same bike that I lost two months ago._（6）This is the same bike as I lost two months ago._asasasas这就是两个月前我丢的那辆自行车。（同一辆自行车）这辆自行车跟我两个月前丢的那辆一样。（同样的自行车，但不是同一辆）THE END
