1、TEM4 完形填空完形填空第一讲第一讲大纲要求大纲要求 1、测试要求：测试要求：（a）能在全面理解所给短文内容的基础上，选择一个最佳答案使短文意思和结构恢复完整。（b）考试时间15分钟。2、测试形式：测试形式：本部分采用多项选择题。在一篇约250个单词、题材熟悉、难度中等的短文中留出20个空白。每个空白为一题，每题有四个选项。填空的词涉及语法和词汇。3、测试目的：测试目的：测试学生的综合语言知识和技能。完形填空完形填空3大考点大考点一、词汇辨析 主要考察近义词辨析、形近词辨析、固定搭配、介词等。二、语法 主要包括：动词的时态、虚拟语气、连接词的选择和比较级的使用等语法知识。三、逻辑推理和语篇理
2、解 主要包括：考生对语篇整体性、一致性、连贯性的把握，辨清句语句、段与段之间的因果、对比、递进、转折等逻辑关系。常见题型常见题型 1、近义词（25%）2、近形词（10%）3、非近义同类词（20%）4、语篇分析题（15%）5、介词题（5%）6、搭配题（20%）一、词汇一、词汇1.词义辨析词义辨析例例1 That“somethingspecial”wasmencreativeindividualswhocouldinventmachines,findnew_ofpower,andestablishbusinessorganizationstoreshapesociety.A)origins(由来,
3、出身)B)sourcesC)basesD)discoveries例例2TherearemanysuperstitionsinBritain,butthemost_heldisthatitisunluckytowalkunderaladder.(真题2006）A)greatlyB)widelyC)quicklyD)speedily例例3 Childreninlow-incomefamiliesandpoorcommunitiesare1likelytotakeorganizedyouthsportsforgrantedbecausetheyoften2theresourcesneededtopa
4、yforparticipation3,equipment,andtransportationtopracticesandgames4theircommunitiesdonothaveresourcestobuildandmaintainsportsfieldsandfacilities.1.A)littleB)lessC)moreD)much2.A)shrinkB)tightenC)limitD)lack3.A)billB)accountsC)feesD)fare4.A)soB)asC)andD)but一、词汇一、词汇2.2.形近词辨异形近词辨异例例1 1 Speakingquicklybut
5、almostinawhisper,she75everyonethatthepilothadfaintedandaskedifanyofthepassengersknewanythingaboutmachinesoratleasthowtodriveacar.A)inquiredB)insuredC)informedD)instructed例例2 2 Following88,themanguidedtheplanetowardtheairfield.A)impressionB)informationC)inspectionsD)instructions例例3 3 Neveraskachildwh
6、etherhelikesordislikesafoodandneverdiscusslikesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow66elsetodoso.AeverybodyBanybodyCsomebodyDnobody一、词汇一、词汇 3.词语搭配词语搭配例例1 Themanhadtocircletheairportseveraltimesinordertobecome85withthecontrolsoftheplane.A)intimateB)familiarC)understoodD)close例例2 Didyoueverhavesomeonesnameon
7、thetipofyourtongueandyetyouwereunabletorecallit?Whenthishappensagain,donottrytorecallit.Dosomething73foracoupleofminutesandthenamemaycomeintoyourhead.A)simpleB)apartC)elseD)similar例例3 Alandfreefromdestruction,pluswealth,naturalresources,andlaborsupply,allthesewereimportantfactorsinhelpingEnglandtobe
8、comethecenterfortheIndustrialRevolution.Buttheywerenotenough.Something73wasneededtostarttheindustrialprocess.A)elseB)nearC)extra额外的，不包括在其中的D)similar一、词汇一、词汇3.词语搭配词语搭配例例4 Takeit_69_grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobablywillA.withB.asC.overD.for例例5 Butthesevariousmeansofcommunicationdifferinimporta
9、ntways_68_humanlanguage.A.aboutB.withC.fromD.in例例6 thegreattit(山雀)isacase_77_point.A.inB.atC.ofD.for例例7 Someofthedifficultiestheyexperiencedwhentheyweretryingto(1)_themselvestothenewmediumweretechnical.A.turnB.adaptC.alterD.modify二、语法二、语法主要包括：动词的时态、虚拟语气、短语搭配、连接词的选择和比较级的使用等语法知识。虚拟语气虚拟语气例1Professorsdo
10、nothavethetimetoexplainhowauniversitylibraryworks;Theyexpectstudents,particularlygraduatestudents,tobeabletoexhaustthereferencesourcesinthelibrary.Professorswillhelpstudentswhoneedit,but_thattheirstudentsshouldnotbetoodependentonthem.A)hateB)dislikeC)likeD)prefer例2IfIhadseenthemovie,I_youallaboutitn
11、ow.A.wouldtellB.willtellC.havetoldD.wouldhavetold例3Ageographermightbedescribedasonewhoobserves,records,andexplainsthedifferencesbetweenplaces.Ifplaces_alike,therewouldbelittleneedforgeographers.A)beingB)areC)beD)were虚拟语气虚拟语气例4_todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.A.IfwereIB.IwereC.WereID.WasI例5Mysugg
12、estionisthatshe_moreexercise,whichwilldoalotofgoodtoher.A.takesB.musttakeC.takeD.took例6Thevolleyballmatchwillbeputoffifit_.A.willrainB.rainsC.rainedD.israined倒装倒装a.否定倒装否定倒装否定倒装指否定副词或否定的副词性结构（hardly,seldom,scarcely,never,little,nowhere,notonce，undernocircumstances,innoway，nosoonerthan）用于句首时所导致的倒装。如：1
13、.Vitaminsdonotprovideenergy,_42_dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.A.eitherB.soC.norD.never2.Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthesender.倒装倒装b.b.虚拟倒装虚拟倒装 虚拟倒装指在IF引导的虚拟条件句中，将IF省略，把should,had,were提至主语前，形成倒装。如：1.WereIyou,Illneverpromisetodothat.2.Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus.3.Ha
14、dyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.4.Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved.5.Shouldshecometomorrow,Iwouldaskhertojoinusinthework.从句和强调句型从句和强调句型 例例 1 ThewordgeographycomesfromtwoGreekwords,ge,theGreekwordfor“earth”andgraphing,75means“towrite”.A)whatB)thatC)whichD)it例例 2 Itwas_hesaid_disappointedme.A.what
15、;thatB.that;whatC.that;whenD.it;when例例 3 Whoismakingsomuchnoiseinthegarden?-_thechildren.A.ItisB.TheyareC.ThatisD.Thereare例例 4 Wereallthreepeopleinthecarinjuredintheaccident?-No,_onlythetwopassengerswhogothurt.A.itwasB.thereisC.itwereD.therewas例例 5 Thesesecondaryroutesmaygoupsteepslopes,alonghighcli
16、ffs,ordownfrighteninghillsidestotownslyingindeepvalleys.Throughtheselessdirectroutes,longerandslower,theygenerallygotoplaces88theairiscleanandthescenery(风景)isbeautiful,A)thereB)whenC)whichD)where三、逻辑三、逻辑 主要考察：考生对语篇整体性、一致性、连贯性的把握，辨清句语句、段与段之间的因果、对比、递进、转折等逻辑关系。有时完形填空的各个选项同为表示一定逻辑关系或承接关系的词或词组.常出现在完形填空部分
17、的逻辑关系表示方式有连词,副词,语气词及插入语,词组(介词词组):1.因果(注意因与果在句中的相对位置):连词:for/since/as/because/for the reason that 介词:because of,due to,owing to,thanks to,as a result of,but for,in consequence of 副词:therefore,hence,for that reason 其他:naturally,no doubt,no wonder,its no surprise 2.并列,顺承或递进:and,whats more,moreover,fort
18、unately,as expected 3.比较/对比:similarly,likewise,while,whereas,on the contrary,in contrast with/to sth,by contrast,otherwise 4.解释:in other words,that is to say,that is,to be exact,to put it mildly 5.例证,列举:for instance,take sth.for example,consider the case of sb.,to mention just a few,such as,namely 6
19、.时间次序:to begin with,to start with,at the very beginning,eventually,in the long run,at the end,at the same time,meanwhile,simultaneously,序数词 7.总结/收尾:to sum up,in brief,in short,in a word,in conclusion,all in all 8.转折,让步:however,nevertheless,nonetheless,but,yet,surprisingly,though,although,despite,in
20、spite of,despite,anyway,though(adv)(注:表转折和让步的词是各类考试所考频率最高的连接词)例例 1 TheUnitedStatesiswell-knownforitsnetworkofmajorhighwaysdesignedtohelpadrivergetfromoneplacetoanotherintheshortestpossibletime.Althoughthesewidemodernroadsaregenerallysmoothandwellmaintained,with73sharpcurvesandmanystraightsections,ad
21、irectrouteisnotalwaysthemost_75_one.Largehighwaysoftenpass76scenicareasandinterestingsmalltowns.73.A)littleB)fewC)muchD)many75.A)terribleB)possibleC)enjoyableD)profitable76.A)toB)intoC)overD)by例例 2 Whenresearchisassigned,theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith79guidance.Itis
22、thestudentsresponsibilitytofindbooks,magazines,andarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplainhowauniversitylibraryworks;A)maximumB)minimumC)possibleD)practical例例 3 Itnormally(takes)fromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoa(reversed)routineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandwor
23、kingatnight._,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingveryefficiently.A)ThereforeB)UnfortunatelyC)InawordD)Incomparison完形填空答题步骤完形填空答题步骤一、通读全文，了解大意（2-3分钟）首先应该跳过空格
24、把文章通读一遍，迅速把握文章的大概内容。要特别重视文章的第一句、首尾段和每段的首尾句，因为它们对我们迅速把握文章主旨往往非常有用 不要读一句填一句，因为完形填空题里所给的大多数选项填入句子后都可成立，但从全文看又是错误的。有些同学一拿到题目，就着手去填，填到最后，才发现所选答案与全文的意思不符，不得不在从头开始。费时又费力，还不易做准确，这种方法是不可取的。完形填空答题步骤完形填空答题步骤二、仔细阅读，先易后难（8分钟左右）在了解文章大意的基础上，根据上下文意思与逻辑逐空试填。在选择答案时，要牢记文章的中心思想并联系前后句的意思，还要考虑到句子的结构，习惯用法，固定搭配，近义词的区别和时态、语
25、态等。首先选出那些可根据上下文确定的、直接的、明显的答案，如固定搭配、常见句型等。要注意的是有的空不是一次就可及时填好的，这不要紧，可暂时留着，等看完后文答案就会明朗，有时后文还会有明显的提示，这个后文可能是下句、下段、甚至是文章的最后。完形填空答题步骤完形填空答题步骤三、再次阅读，解决难点（2-3分钟）在第二步将较有把握的空格填好后，可能会有一空或几空一时没有把握而暂时未填。这时可在已填空格的基础上，再次阅读全文，把没有填的空填完。对于个别难度较大的题，可以凭自己的语感，坚持第一感觉选择答案。完形填空答题步骤完形填空答题步骤三、复核全文，避免疏漏（1分钟）填空全部做完以后，应把短文再通读一遍
26、，检查一下填空以后的文章的前后意思是否通顺连贯，情节是否合理，语法是否正确。如果有某些地方意义含糊或矛盾，就应该根据文章的中心意思来重新考虑。从语法上，检查填空的句子是否主谓一致；时态、语态是否正确等。完形填空解题策略完形填空解题策略完形填空解题策略一：词义与词形辨析完形填空解题策略一：词义与词形辨析完形填空解题策略二完形填空解题策略二:辨别篇章的逻辑关系辨别篇章的逻辑关系完形填空解题策略三完形填空解题策略三:固定搭配或习惯用语固定搭配或习惯用语完形填空解题策略四完形填空解题策略四:利用词汇重复出现利用词汇重复出现完形填空解题策略五完形填空解题策略五:利用排除法排除明显干扰项利用排除法排除明显
27、干扰项完形填空解题策略一：词义与词形辨析完形填空解题策略一：词义与词形辨析 专业四级完形考察词汇不外乎同义词、反义词、形近词，和词的精确用法。我们应该了解高频词的近义词、反义词，形近词和词汇的基本义。例如：1)Geographerscompareandcontrast_placesintheworld.A.similarB.variousC.distantD.famous2)Thefindings_thatissuesoftrustandbetrayalarecentraltofriendship.A.secureB.assureC.confirmD.resolve完形填空解题策略一：词义与词
28、形辨析完形填空解题策略一：词义与词形辨析3)Thebigshops,beautifullydecoratedandbrightlylit,stayopenlongafterdark.ShopownerslikeChristmasbecauseitisatimewhenpeople_presents.A.changeB.exchangeC.transferD.transform4）Ournewhouseisvery_formeasIcangettotheofficeinfiveminutes.AadaptableBcomfortableCconvenientDavailable完形填空解题策略二
29、完形填空解题策略二:辨别篇章的逻辑关系辨别篇章的逻辑关系完形填空不仅要求考生了解词的基本意义和固定搭配，还考查了对语篇的综合理解能力。因此，考生在做完形填空时，需要正确理解并判断文章的内在逻辑关系。表示并列关系的：and,on the one hand,on the other,(也可表对比),eitheror,neithernor,etc.表示转折关系的：however,nevertheless,still,though,yet,in spite of,despite，anyway,anyhow,in any case,no matter,even if,etc.表示对比关系的：on the
30、 contrary,in contrast,by contrast,in comparison,by comparison,conversely,etc.表示补充关系的：also,furthermore,likewise,similarly,moreover,in addition,whats more,above all,besides,not only but also,etc.逻辑关系词的分类逻辑关系词的分类 表示原因关系的：because,since,as,for,now that,considering that,seeing that,in that,due to the fact
31、 that,for fear that,on the ground that,etc.表示结果关系的：so,therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,consequently,as a result,etc.表示列举关系的：first,second,third,firstly,secondly,next,in the first place,for one thing,to begin with,to conclude,etc.表示解释与举例的：namely,in other words,for example,for instance,that is,that is
32、to say,etc.逻辑关系词的分类逻辑关系词的分类1)There are four types of blood._ types are found in every race,and no types is distinct to any race.A.All B.Most C.No D.Some 2)The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection;_ what he really needs is to be fitted into a hi
33、ghly organized university system.A.otherwise B.moreover C.however D.also 3)Earths animals are disappearing faster than they reproduce.Because there is too little research and too much ignorance,and _ is aware of how much we are losing.A.anyone B.no one C.someone D.either one 完形填空完形填空解题策略三解题策略三:固定搭配或
34、习惯用语固定搭配或习惯用语 在完形填空语篇中，某些缺失词选项正好与上下文某些词语构成固定搭配。熟悉这些搭配有助于答题。例如：1)We judge race usually _ the coloring of the race:a white race,a brown race,a yellow race and a black race.A.in B.from C.at D.on2)Unlike other social roles that we are expected to _1_,such as citizens,employees,members of professional so
35、cieties and _2_ organizations,it has its own principle.A.keep B.do C.show D.play A.all B.any C.other D.those 完形填空完形填空解题策略三解题策略三:固定搭配或习惯用语固定搭配或习惯用语3)It normally _ from five days to one week for a person to adapted to a(reversed)routine of sleep and wakefulness,sleeping during the day and working at n
36、ight.A.takes B.spends C.demands D.asks4)It was believed that an Eskimo must have at the tip of his tongue a vocabulary of more than 10,000 words _ to get along reasonably well,much larger than the active vocabulary an average businessman who speaks English.A.so as B.so that C.as such D.as well as完形填
37、空完形填空解题策略四解题策略四:利用词汇重复出现利用词汇重复出现 完形填空语篇中原词、近义词、反义词重复出现的现象较为常见。一般说来，选项中出现上下文中已出现的词汇，一般就是答案。例如：1)Thenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hourssleepalternationwithsome16-17hourswakefulnessandthatthesleepnormallycoincides(with)thehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthis_c
38、anbemodified.A.cycleB.periodC.circleD.round2)TherearemanysuperstitionsinBritain,anothercommon_isthatitisunluckytoopenanumbrellainthehouse-itwilleitherbringmisfortunetothepersonwhoopeneditortothewholehousehold.A.argumentB.superstitionC.opinionD.idea同近义词复现反义词复现同近义词复现反义词复现 Sample1:Citiescontainthevery(
39、1)_aspectofasociety:opportunitiesforeducation,employment,andentertainment.Theyalsocontaintheveryworstpartsofsociety A.wellB.goodC.betterD.best Sample2:whenourfriendsarehappyand“up”,thattendstoinfluenceuspositively,whentheyare“down”,thatcanhavea_impactonus.ArelativeBdecisiveCnegativeDsensitive同根词复现同根
40、词复现例例1 Evenifagradeisnotgiven,thestudentis77forlearningthematerialassigned.Itisthestudentsresponsibilitytofindbooks,magazines,andarticlesinthelibrary.A)criticizedB)innocentC)responsibleD)dismissed例例2 IndiaorWestAfrica,wherethereisalong81ofspeakingEnglishforgeneralcommunicationpurposes,youshouldOnthe
41、otherhand,ifyouliveinacountrywherethereisnotraditionaluseofEnglish，A)customB)useC)traditionD)habit例例3 Thesefirmscompeteforsales.Theytrytolearnjustwhatthedemandwillbesothattheycansupplyexactlywhattheconsumerswant._keepsthequalityofgoodsfromfallingverylow.A.NeedB.CompetitionC.DemandD.Consumer完形填空解题策略五
42、完形填空解题策略五:利用排除法排除明显干扰项利用排除法排除明显干扰项如果不能很有把握的选出答案，可以利用排除法，先将各项带入空白处，排除明显不符句意的选项，从而缩小选择的范围具体来讲，可以利用如下技巧：判断所填词在句中充当什么成分，应是什么词性，从而排除干扰选项利用上下文的时态语态和语气排除不符合要求的干扰选项利用名词的数来判断各项是否符合句子要求寻找与空白处构成搭配的词语，从而排除不能与其搭配的词语将各项带入空白处将句子译成汉语，排除明显不能使句子通顺的选项In the Middle(1)_.People ate and drank at inns called auberges,which
43、 were beginning to be built(2)_ the roads,at public houses called taverns,and at cabarets in the towns.At first,taverns were allowed to serve nothing(3)_ drinks.Later they were allowed to(4)_ foods such as appetizer(which they bought from delicatessens outside,like a charcuterie or rotisserie),but t
44、hey were(5)_ to employ chefs in order to serve prepared dishes.Under the influence of cabarets,(6)_,which were allowed to serve meals,taverns,too,gradually came to serve(7)_ meals,and the differences between them(8)_.1.A.Times B.Ages C.Periods D.Era2.A.on B.along C.in D.at3.A.but B.only C.just D.bes
45、ides4.A.serve B.service C.provide D.offer5.A.allowed B.forbid C.denied D.forbidden6.A as well as B.but C.however D.furthermore7.A.considerate B.substantial C.concrete D.staple8.A.appeared B.came by C disappeared D.zoomed inBBAADCBCPassage 1In the middle of the eighteenth century a Parisian tavern ke
46、eper named Boulanger decided to sell a dish of sheeps feet,(9)_ trotters,in a white sauce in his eating-house.The advertisement for the dish(10)_“Walk up,everybody who has a weak stomach.Ill(11)_ you”.The French word for“restore”is restaurer.This nourishing dish gradually became associated(12)_,the
47、word restorante,meaning“restorative food”,and eventually the place where it was eaten came to be called a(13)_.9.A.and B.but C.or D.yet 10.A.reads B.is read C.was read D.read 11.A.help B.need C.restore D.keep 12.A.in B.of C.with D.for 13.A.restaurant B.store C.restore D.tavernCDCCA(14)_,the restaura
48、nt as we know was born in the late eighteenth century.The first one was the Grande Tavern de Londres,opened by Antonie Beauvilliers.It(15)_all the conditions for a first-class restaurant as(16)_by Brillat-Savarin.That is,it provided every luxury(17)_-choice wines,attractive dinnerware,tidy waiters,a
49、nd(18)_,smooth service.(19)_these fine restaurant evolved and prospered,service has developed to a fine(20)_.14.A.Therefore B.Thereof C.Thereby D.However15.A.completed B.fulfilled C.finished D.carried out16.A.defined B.confined C.refined D.profiled17.A.imagined B.imaginable C.imaginative D.imaging18.A.faulted B.faultful C.faultily D.faultless19.A.For B.With C.As D.Since20.A.art B.work C.part D.learning DBABDCAThank You!
