1、THE ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSE定语从句THE ATRIBUTIVE CLAUSECHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1基本概念和引导词 在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。结构：先行词+引导词+从句 定语从句 先行词引导词被定语从句所修饰的名词或者代词。引导词又称为关系词。分关系代词和关系副词。作用：1. 引导定语从句；2. 在从句中作一个成分；3.代替先行词在从句中的位置。关系代词在从句中充当主语或者宾语。关系代词后的谓语动词，即从句的谓语动词，应与先行词保持人称和数的一致。主要有以下几个词：who, that, whom, whose, which，as关系代词先
2、行词关系词在定语从句中的成分关系词人主主that/who人宾宾that/who/whom/物主主that/which物宾宾that/which人/物定定whose注：关系词在从句中做宾语时关系词可以省略。词汇辨析词汇辨析关系代词先行词在定从中成分who人人主语主语/ /宾语宾语whom人人宾语宾语 例：I met a girl _ knew your sister. 主句先行词从句关系词作主语who词汇辨析词汇辨析关系代词先行词在定从中成分who人人主语主语/ /宾语宾语whom人人宾语宾语 例：I met a girl _ I want to marry. 主句先行词从句关系词作宾语whom
3、who不不填填注：关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。词汇辨析词汇辨析The person to _ I complained is the manager.用作宾语的用作宾语的whom如果不是紧跟在介词之后，如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常会被省略或用通常会被省略或用who或或that代之。如：代之。如：The person _ I complained to is the manager.whomwhomwhothat/The person is the manager.I complained to the person.词汇辨析词汇辨析关系代词先行词在定从中成分whose人人/ /物物定语定
4、语 主句先行词 从句关系词作定语 whose在定语从句中作定语，表示引导词与后面的名词为所属关系，可以指人也可以指物，可以与of which和of whom互换使用。 例：I like the room window faces north.whosewhose词汇辨析词汇辨析遇到以下情况只能用遇到以下情况只能用whowho，不能用，不能用thatthat。1. 当先行词是one，ones，anyone，those时，只能用whoGod helps those who help themselves.He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a t
5、rue man.Those who have any difficulties with pronunciation should practice.2. 当先行词是人称代词时，只能用who词汇辨析词汇辨析关系代词先行词在定从中成分which物物主语主语/ /宾语宾语that人人/ /物物主语主语/ /宾语宾语注：一般在先行词为物体的时候，that和which都可以互换。 主句先行词 从句关系词作主语 例：She was not on the train _ arrived just now.whichwhichthat that 词汇辨析词汇辨析关系代词先行词在定从中成分which物物主语主
6、语/ /宾语宾语that人人/ /物物主语主语/ /宾语宾语/ /表语表语注：关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。 主句先行词 从句关系词作宾语 例：Is this the book _ you are looking for?whichwhich不填thatthat用 法 区 别1. 当先行词是anything，everything，nothing（something除外），few，all，none，little等代词时，或者是由any，every，all，some，no，little，few，much，each等修饰时：Abby told me everything (that) she k
7、new.All that can be done has been done.There is little (that) I can do for you.Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.在下列情况下，关系词用在下列情况下，关系词用thatthat而不用而不用whichwhich。用 法 区 别2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.This is the best movie that I have
8、 ever seen.This is the very good magazine that I left on the playground.After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时：4. 当先行词被the very/only/same/last 修饰时：在下列情况下，关系词用在下列情况下，关系词用thatthat而不用而不用whichwhich。用 法 区 别在下列情况下，关系词用在下列情况下，关系词用thatthat而不用而不用whichwhich。
9、5. 当先行词前有who,which等疑问代词时：Who is the man that is standing there?He talked happily of the things and persons that he remembered studying in the school.The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago.Which is the T-shirt that fits me the most?6. 当先行词既有人，又有动物或者物体时：7. 当先行词在定语从句中做表语时：用 法
10、区 别在下列情况下，关系词只能用在下列情况下，关系词只能用whichwhich。1. 介词前置时，关系代词只能用which：I attend such activities regularly, from which I benefit a lot.Bruce doesnt listen to any advice, which makes his mother very annoyed.2. 引导非限制性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子时，只能用which关系副词关系副词在从句中引导时间状语从句。关系副词=介词+关系代词。主要有以下几个词：where (=in/at/on which)when (
11、=on/during/in which)why (=for which)关系副词先行词句中成分where地点地点状语when时间时间状语why原因原因状语常见抽象地点：point, case, activity, situation, position, occasion, job, race, platform, policy, environment 等关系副词关系副词wherewhere在定语从句中作地点状语。关系副词先行词句中成分where地点地点状语 主句先行词 从句作状语 例: We reached a point where a change is needed.关系副词关系副词
12、wherewhere在定语从句中作地点状语。关系副词先行词句中成分介词关系代词where地点地点状语in / from which 主句先行词 从句作状语 例: Shanghai is the city where I was born.改: Shanghai is the city in which I was born.关系副词关系副词whenwhen在定语从句中作时间状语。关系副词先行词句中成分when时间时间状语 主句先行词 从句作状语 例: The time when we got together finally came.主句改: The time at which we got
13、 together finally came.when在定语从句中时间状语。关系副词先行词句中成分when时间时间状语 主句先行词 从句作状语 例: I still remember the day when I first came to the school.关系副词关系副词when改: I still remember the day on which I first came to the school.关系副词关系副词whywhy在定语从句中作原因状语。关系副词先行词句中成分why原因原因状语 主句先行词 从句作状语 例: Please tell me the reason why
14、you are late.改: Please tell me the reason for which you are late.介词+关系代词“介词+关系代词” 结构也可以引导定语从句。有以下几种结构：1. 介词+whom/whichThe woman general still can remember the day on which she joined the army.2. 介词短语+whom/whichThe man has a house, in front of which is the sea.3. 不定代词或/数词 +whom/whichChina has a lot o
15、f famous writers, one of whom is Luxun.4. 名词 + of whichShe mentioned a magazine, the title of which I have written on my notebook.介词的选用1. 选用介词时要注意与先行词的搭配I will never forget the day on which I joined the army.I will never forget the days during which I worked in the school.I will never forget the yea
16、r in which my son went to college.I got home at 7:00 p.m. yesterday, by which most people had had supper. 介词的选用2. 选用介词时要注意与谓语动词的搭配习惯Have you found the book for which I paid 29 dollars?Have you found the book on which I spent 29 dollars?Have you found the book from which we learnt a lot?Have you foun
17、d the book about which she often talks?1.The woman _ is shaking hands with my sister is a doctor. 2.Those _ want to see the film set down your names, please.3.I like these books _ topics are about history.4. Look, here are some people _ I want you to meet.who/thatwhowhosewho/whom/that/ /心灵手巧心灵手巧5.Ti
18、na felt disappointed because the watch, _ which she was proud, was missing.of6. Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago?7. I will never forget the days _ we stayed together. 8.The reason _ he was late was that he missed his train.10. This is the camera _ which he often t
19、akes photos.that/whichwhenwhywhere心灵手巧心灵手巧9. Keep the book in a place _ you ca find it easily.with定语从句THE ATRIBUTIVE CLAUSECHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2定从的分类是指先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词做些附加说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句，写时往往用逗号隔开。限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1. 从句修饰先行词，关系词在从句
20、中做成分，且在从句中作宾语时可以省略；Ill never forget the day (that) we spent together.2. 可以用that引导；That is the very tool that are looking for.3.省去定从则句子意思不完整。限制性定语从句1. 从句修饰先行词或者前面的整个句子，或其中一部分。He suddenly fell ill, which kept him from school.2. 不可以用that引导，主句和从句要用逗号隔开；His dog, which he liked very much, died yesterday.3
21、.从句只是作为主句意义的补充，可以省去。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句aswhich位置句首、句中、句末常在主句之后修饰内容先行词或主句主句as引导非限定从时应被译为“正如.那样”，且已形成固定结构。如：as is known, as is said, as is reported, as is often the case, as is expectedas和which都可以引导非限定从，但有些区别。As引导的非限定从Einstein, as is known, is a famous scientist.As is reported, China has become an import
22、ant country in the world.He didnt come to attend the meeting, as is expected.aswhich位置句首、句中、句末常在主句之后修饰内容先行词或主句主句蓝色标记部分为被修饰内容。as和which都可以引导非限定从，但有些区别。which引导的非限定从Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.My son now goes to the school, which I used to go to when I was a child.as和which都可以引导非限定从，但有些区别
23、。aswhich位置句首、句中、句末常在主句之后修饰内容先行词或主句主句注：蓝色标记部分为被修饰内容。summarysummary定语从句引导词定语从句引导词关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词(主干不完整)(主干完整)先行词是物 that/ which/asthat/which/as/ 省略省略主语： 宾语： 定语： whose先行词是人 主语： 宾语： 定语： that/ who/asthat/ who/whom/ as/省略省略whose时间状语：时间状语：地点状语：地点状语：原因状语：原因状语：whenwherewhy确定关系词三部曲：1. 找出先行词（被修饰词）2. 先行词在从句中的位置
24、3. 对症下药on/at/in whichon/at/in whichfor which易错对比练习1. 1) Mr Li has three daughters，none of _ is an engineer 2) Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _ is a dancer 2. 1) It was eleven oclock _ they went out of the cinema. 2) It was at eleven oclock _ they went out of the cinema.3 .1) It was in the hos
25、pital_ he came across a friend of his. 2) It was the hospital _ he came across a friend of his. 4. 1). We should go to the place _ we are most needed. 2). We should go to the place _ needs us most.5. 1) Mother didnt come back on December 25, _was my birthday. 2)Mother didnt come back home on Decembe
26、r 25, _she was busy working.whomthemwhenthatwherethatwherewhich/thatwhichwhen6.1) This is the room _ he lived in his childhood. 2) This is the room _ he lived in last year.7. 1) The teacher didnt know the reason _ she was absent yesterday? 2) The teacher couldnt accept the reason _ she explained yes
27、terday?8.1) We must learn to act in ways _ do not harm other living things. 2) I dont like the way _ he spoke to his mother. 3) This is the way _ he thought of to solve the problem.9.1) He is such a good teacher _ we all like. 2) He is such a good teacher _ we all like him. 3) He is a good teacher,
28、_ makes us respect him.10. 1) Rice doesnt grow well _ there is not enough water. 2) I still remember the farm _ my parents worked ten years ago. wherewhichwhywhich/thatwhich/thatthat/in which/不填which/thatasthatwhichwherewhere11.1) _ we all know, China is rich in natural resources. 2) _ is well-known
29、 that China is rich in natural resources. 3) _ is well-known to us all is that China is rich in natural resources.12. 1) Im surprised at all _ he said at the meeting. 2) Im surprised at _ he said at the meeting. 13. 1) _ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.2) _ who leaves the room last
30、 ought to turn off the lights.3) _ who leave the room last ought to turn off the lights.14.1)This is one of the most interesting films _ shown last week.2)This is the very one of the most interesting films _ shown last week. WhoeverWhatAnyoneThosethat werethat wasAsItthatwhat15.1) He still lives in
31、the room _ window faces to the east. 2) He still lives in the room, the window _which faces to the east. 3) He still lives in the room _ is in the north of the city. 4) He still lives in the room _ there is a beautiful table.16. 1).Is this museum _ they visited yesterday?2). Is this the museum _ the
32、y visited yesterday?3). Is this museum _ they stayed yesterday?4). Is this the museum _ they stayed yesterday?5). Is the museum _ you visited yesterday beautiful?6). It was the museum _ you saw many treasures.7). It was in the museum _ you saw many treasures.8). It was in the museum _you stayed in t
33、hat you saw many treasures.the onethat/which/不填wherethat/which/不填wherethat/which/不填wherethatwhoseofwhich/thatwhere17. 1)_ is known is that he has gone to college. 2)_ is known that he has gone to college. 3)_ is known, he has gone to college. 4) We all know _ he has gone to college. 5) He has gone t
34、o college, _ made us surprised. 6) He has gone to college and _ made us surprised. 7) He has gone to college, _ surprised us.8)_ surprised us most was _ he has gone to college.18. 1) He arrived in Beijing in 1984, _ he became a manager some years later. 2) He arrived in Beijing in 1984, _ was import
35、ant for him. 3) He arrived in Beijing in 1984, _ he was already in his fifties. 4) It was in 1984 _ he arrived in Beijing.ItWhatAsthatitwhichWhatwhichthatwherewhichwhenthat纠正以下各句中的错误。纠正以下各句中的错误。1.Some of the boys I invited them didnt come. 2.The book that you need it is in the library. 3. Anyone who
36、 break the law will be punished. 4. Those who has finished may go home. 5. He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school. 6. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which use it differently.breakshaveknowsuses7. Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad
37、teeth. 8. That evening, when I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late. 9.The exact year when Angela and her family spent together inChina was 2008. 10. I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing. 11. Is this book that your teacher gave you yesterday?12. When we got home, we went to the store where sold us the GPS. eat前加前加 whowhichwhichwhichbook前加前加the which
