1、一 Reading and Thinking单词短语1. arisevi. (arose，arisen) 起身；出现；由引起(1)arise from/out of 由而引起；由而产生；从中产生arise from. 从上站起来(2)arise作“呈现；出现；发生”之意时，主语多为抽象名词argument/problem/quarrel/ question/movement等例句Iarose fromthe chair to answer the doorbell.我从椅子上站起来去开门。We often meet with a difficultyarising out ofthe pecu
2、liar natural conditions.我们经常遇到由于特殊的自然条件而引起的困难。As we all know, most car accidentsarise out ofcarelessness.As we all know, most car accidentsarise fromcarelessness.众所周知，大部分交通事故是由粗心大意引起的。2. take sb.s breath away令人惊叹hold ones breath 屏息；屏气lose ones breath 喘不过气来catch ones breath 喘口气；缓口气take/have a deep br
3、eath 深吸一口气out of breath 上气不接下气；喘不过气来例句Its amazing that he canhold his breathunder the water for five minutes.令人吃惊的是，他能在水下屏住呼吸5分钟。If you run very fast, you willlose your breath如果你跑得非常快，你会气喘吁吁的。To make the movement easier I tried totake a deep breathof fresh air.为了活动起来更容易，我努力呼吸了一口新鲜空气。Tired andout of
4、breath, we reached the top of the mountain.我们到达了山顶，累得喘不过气来。3. boundadj. 准备前往(某地)；一定会be bound to do sth. 一定会做某事；有义务做某事be bound for 开往；飞往；驶往be bound up with sth. 与某事有密切关系be bound up in sth. 忙于(专心于；热衷于)某事例句Wed better take a plane (that is)bound forChina.我们最好乘一架飞往中国的飞机。Weare bound to dowhat we can to he
5、lp the disabled.我们一定要尽我们所能帮助残疾人。So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up, weare bound toachieve success只要我们坚持梦想、永不放弃，我们一定会取得成功。Heis bound up inhis work which is bound up with the welfare of the community.他忙于工作，这项工作与社区福利事业有密切联系。4. freezevi.& vt. (froze，frozen) 结冰；(使)冻住freeze with 因而呆住f
6、reeze to death 冻死freeze up (某物)冻住；(因紧张、害怕或兴奋)不动，停住；惊呆；吓呆freeze sb. with a frown 皱起眉头使某人感到沮丧例句Shefroze withhorror when she saw the body.她看到那具尸体时吓得呆住了。I was so nervous that Ifroze up.我太紧张了，一下子僵住了。Hundreds of homeless people couldfreeze to deaththis winter.今年冬天，数百名无家可归的人可能会被冻死。5. anticipatevt. 预料；预见；期望
7、anticipate doing. 期望或预料做某事it is widely anticipated that. 普遍预料例句Weanticipate seeingyou again soon.我们期待很快再见到你。It is widely anticipated thatshe will resign.许多人预料她会辞职。重点句式1.Rather thantravel by commercial airline all the way, they decided to fly to Vancouver and then take the train.她们决定先乘飞机到温哥华，然后再坐火车，而
8、不是全程乘坐商务航班。句中rather than连接两个并列不定式短语，位于句首时，只能接不带to的不定式。(1)rather than连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语与rather than前面的成分在人称和数上保持一致。(2)rather than后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to，但当rather than位于句首时，只能接不带to的不定式。例句He was busy writing a letterrather thanwatching TV他正忙于写信而不是看电视。I think Tom,rather thanyou, is to blame我认为是汤姆，而不是你应受到责
9、备。I decided to writerather than(to) telephoneRather thantelephone I decided to write.我决定写信而不是打电话。2.Seen from the train window, the mountains and forests of Canada looked massive.透过火车车窗加拿大的山脉和森林看起来非常壮观。句中过去分词短语Seen from the train window在句中作时间状语。过去分词短语通常在句中作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式等状语。过去分词通常与句子的主语构成被动关系，或表示动
10、作已完成。例句Given a lot of money, he lived a better life.给他许多钱后，他的日子过得好多了。(表示原因)Used with care, one tin will last for six weeks.如果用得仔细的话，一罐可以够用六周。(表示条件)The teacher came in,followed by a group of students老师进来了，后面跟着一群学生。(表示伴随)The girl met with an accident when crossing the road,wounded in the head那个女孩过马路时出
11、了事故，头部受了伤。(表结果)3. Edmonton is freezing cold in winter,with daily temperatures averaging 10 埃德蒙顿的冬天非常寒冷，每天平均气温为10 。句中with daily temperatures averaging 10为with复合结构，在句子中作状语。with 复合结构在句中常作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、方式、条件等。其结构如下：with宾语to do 表示将来的动作with宾语doing 表示主动或正在进行的动作with宾语done 表示被动或已完成的动作with宾语prep. 短语with宾语adj.
12、表示状态with宾语adv. 表示状态例句In the afternoon,with nothing to do, I went to the bookstore.因为下午无事可做，我便到书店去了。With the guide leading the way, we found his home easily.因为有那位向导带路，我们很容易找到了他的家。The man sat in the chair,with his hands tied behind his back.这个人坐在椅子上，双手被绑在背后。The student fell asleepwith the light on.这个学
13、生开着灯就睡着了。二 Using language单词短语1. contraryadj. 相反的；相对立的 n. 相反的事实(或事情)on the contrary 相反地；正相反，恰恰相反contrary to 与相反，与背道而驰；违反to the contrary 相反地例句He continued to drink despite medical adviceto the contrary.他不顾医生的劝告继续喝酒。Contrary tohis expectation, he found the atmosphere exciting.与他的期望相反，他发现气氛很活跃。Im not il
14、l.On the contrary, Im very healthy.我不是病了。正相反，我很健康。2. proceedvi. 行进；继续做proceed from 出于；来自；发生于proceed on/upon 按照行事；遵照进行proceed to 向进发；进入(下一个议程项目)proceed to do sth. 继续做某事例句Great thingsproceed fromsmall beginnings.伟大始于渺小。The council mustproceed onthe basis of the vote.安理会必须在表决的基础上进行。He was allowed topro
15、ceed toan MA.他获准攻读文学硕士学位。3. astonishvt. 使十分惊讶；使吃惊(1)astonish sb. 使某人大为震惊(2)astonished adj. 感到惊讶的be astonished at sth. 对某事感到惊讶be astonished to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶(3)astonishing adj. 使人吃惊的；惊人的(4)astonishment n. 惊讶；惊奇例句Hewas astonished atwhat he found.他对自己的发现感到惊讶。Wewere astonished tohear that their footba
16、ll team had won the champion.听说他们的足球队赢得了冠军，我们感到很惊讶。The new houses have been built withastonishingspeed.新房子以惊人的速度建造起来。4. advertisementn. (informal ad) 广告；启事(1)put/place an advertisement in a newspaper 在报纸上发布广告an advertisement for sth. 一则的广告(2)advertise vt.& vi. 做广告；登广告advertise for sb./sth. 为征求而登广告ad
17、vertise for sb.to do sth. 登广告招聘/雇用某人做某事(3)advertising n. 广告宣传advertiser n. 广告商例句The manager wants toadvertise fora new sales manager in newspapers.经理想在报纸上登广告招聘一名新的销售经理。The nursing home isadvertising fora volunteer to help look after the patients.那家养老院正在登广告招聘一位自愿帮助照顾病人的人。Its anadvertisementfor a week
18、end in Hong Kong.这是一则在香港度周末的广告。5. owevt. 欠(账、债、情等)(1)owe sb. sth.owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物owe.to. 把归功于owe it to sb. that. 多亏某人(2)owing to 因为；由于例句At last he paid off and heowedhis successtothe support of his family and friends.他终于得到了回报，他把他的成功归功于家人和朋友的支持。Iowe it to you thatwe have made such a great breakt
19、hrough.多亏了你，我们才有了这么大的突破。Owing tothe bad weather, we didnt go to the zoo.由于天气不好，我们没有去动物园。重点句式There arefantastic restaurants and clubs around, too.附近也有很棒的餐厅和俱乐部。本句为there be句型，表示“有”，主语为后面的fantastic restaurants and clubs。there be 句型有多种变体，主要有：Thereseems/happens/appears to be主语其他Therestands/lies/lives/exi
20、sts/remains/.主语其他There情态动词be主语其他There used to be主语其他There be句式的非谓语动词形式：There being/There to be.例句There aremany students standing in a queue to welcome the old soldier.有很多学生正站成一队欢迎这位老兵。There used to bea supermarket near his home.他家附近曾经有一家超市。There standsa big tree in front of our building.在我们的大楼前面矗立着一
21、棵大树。There beingno taxi, we had to walk home.由于没有出租车，我们不得不走回家去。三 Grammar过去分词作表语和状语一、过去分词作表语1. 意义位于系动词(如be，get，become，look，feel，seem等)之后，多表示主语的状态或状况，它所体现的是形容词的特性。She looked disappointed.她看上去很失望。We were encouraged at the news.听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。2. 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别过去分词作表语时，强调主语所处的状态，而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。Th
22、e cup is broken.杯子碎了。(系表结构)The cup was broken by Tom.杯子是被汤姆打碎的。(被动语态)3. 现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别过去分词表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态，常译作“感到的”现在分词表示事物具有的特性，常译作“令人的”They became so worried that they stayed awake all night.他们变得如此担心，以至于一整晚都没有睡觉。The situation became so worrying that something should be done at once.形势变得令人担忧，应该立刻采
23、取措施。二、过去分词(短语)作状语1. 意义过去分词(短语)作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且过去分词与主语之间为动宾关系。2. 过去分词(短语)作状语的句法功能和位置(1) 过去分词(短语)表示被动，表示动作已经完成，其逻辑主语则为句子的主语。过去分词作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其前面加上适当的连词，可表示时间、条件、原因、让步、方式、伴随等。When offered help, one often says Thank you or Its kind of you. (时间状语)当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“T
24、hank you”或“Its kind of you”。Given another chance, I will do it much better.(条件状语)如果再给我一次机会，我会干得更好。Greatly inspired by what he did, I joined him in helping others.(原因状语)在他所做的事情的鼓励下，我也加入了帮助他人的行列。Visited many times, the place is still worth visiting again.(让步状语)虽然已参观了很多次，这个地方仍值得再来。He has been preparing
25、 his paper all day long, locked in his study.(方式状语)锁在书房里，他一整天都在准备论文。The guest walked into the room, greeted by the host.(伴随状语)客人一边和主人打招呼，一边走进了房间。(2)过去分词(短语)在句中作状语时，既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，中间用逗号隔开。Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。He stood there silently, moved to tears.Moved to tears, h
26、e stood there silently.他静静地站在那里，感动得热泪盈眶。3. 过去分词(短语)作状语的几种情况(1)过去分词在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时，相当于对应的时间、条件、原因及让步状语从句。Seen from the top of the mountain(When it is seen from the top of the mountain), the whole town looks more beautiful.从山顶上看，整个城市看起来更美了。Encouraged by the progress he has made(As he is encouraged
27、by the progress he has made), he works harder.由于受到所取得成绩的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。(2)过去分词在句中作伴随、方式等状语时，可改为句子的并列谓语或改为并列分句。The teacher came into the room, followed by two students(and was followed by two students).后面跟着两个学生，老师走进了房间。He spent the whole afternoon, locked in his study(and was locked in his study).他把自己锁在书
28、房里度过了一整个下午。(3)过去分词作状语可与与之对应的状语从句互换。而从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词过去分词”结构作状语。Even if I am invited(Even if invited), I will not take part in the party.即使被邀请，我也不会参加那个宴会。Unless you are asked to speak(Unless asked to speak), you should remain silent at the meeting.除非被要求说话，在会上你应该保持沉默。(4)过去分词(短语)作状语时，过去分词(短语)
29、的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，否则，分词(短语)前应加上自己的主语。这种带有自身主语的过去分词(短语)被称为过去分词(短语)的独立主格结构。过去分词(短语)的独立主格结构通常在句中作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件等。The test finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假了。More time given, we could have done it much better.如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。4. 现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别现在分词与过去分词作状语的最主要的区别在于两者与其逻辑主语的主动与被动关系。(1)现在分词作状语时，现在
30、分词的动作就是句子主语发出的动作，它们之间是主动关系。现在分词动作与谓语动作同时发生用一般式doing；如果现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，表示已经完成，表示主动就用having done，表示被动就用having been done。Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.沿着大街走时，我碰到了我的一个朋友。Having finished their work, they went home to have a rest.完成工作后，他们回家休息一下。(2) 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是
31、被动关系。Given more attention, the tree could have grown better.如果给予更多的关注，小树本来能够长得更好一些。Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。四 Writing有关旅行的电子邮件文体指导电子邮件(electronic mail，常缩写为Email，email或email)指通过互联网传递的邮件，即用户之间通过互联网发出或收到的信息，是目前互联网上应用最广泛的一种服务。基本框架电子邮件的正文部分通常由称呼、正文、结束语及署名四部分构成。1.
32、 称呼。一般在收件人姓氏前加上Dear。2. 正文。正文是邮件的主体部分，是写信人要谈论或陈述的内容。正文内容要求简洁达意，层次分明。3. 结束语。常见的结束语有：I am looking forward to your reply/answer. With best regards. I wish you good luck/every success in.等。有时这部分也可省略。4. 署名。写在正文右下角的位置。常用词块1. all the way一路上2. broaden a persons perspective开阔人的视野3. come into contact with diff
33、erent cultures接触不同的文化4. make your knowledge and experience rich丰富你的知识和经验5. experience many new things体验许多新事物6. be greatly impressed by its beautiful view它的美丽景色给我留下了深刻的印象7. care about the environment爱护环境8. have a birdseye view of the city鸟瞰这个城市9. enjoy a pleasant journey旅途愉快10. open to the public向公众开
34、放常用语句1. 常用的开头语表示高兴I am so glad/pleased/happy to receive your email.我很高兴收到你的电子邮件。表示感谢Thank you for your wonderful gift/interesting email.谢谢你的礼物/有趣的电子邮件。表示关心与询问How are you doing these days?你最近怎么样？How are you getting on these days?你这几天过得怎么样？How are you getting on with your work/study?你的工作/学习进展如何？表示抱歉I
35、am sorry that I did not write to you soon but I have been very busy these days.很抱歉，我没有尽快给你写信，但我最近很忙。表示遗憾I am sorry to learn that you did not pass the examination.听说你考试不及格，我很遗憾。I am so upset to hear that you are ill these days. I do hope you are feeling better.听说你这几天生病了，我很难过。我真希望你感觉好些。2. 常用的结束语I am l
36、ooking forward to hearing from you soon.我期待着很快收到你的来信。Please give your family my regards.请代我问候你的家人。Take good care of yourself and keep in touch.照顾好自己，保持联系。学以致用假如你是李华，你的朋友Tom 5月22日来信询问你毕业前的一次旅游经历。请你根据下面提示给他回一封80词左右的电子邮件。1. 由学生会组织。2. 一部分人愿意乘公交车；另一部分人喜欢步行；最后大家被说服骑自行车。3. 美丽的风景让人难以忘怀。4. 感受：这次旅游增进了友谊，提高了关心
37、自然环境的意识。注意：1. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Dear Tom,How happy I am to receive your letter.Best wishes.Yours,Li Hua参考范文Dear Tom, How happy I am to receive your letter. Now I will tell you something about the trip organized by our Students Union. Some of us preferred to take a bus while others we
38、re fond of walking, and finally we were persuaded to cycle. When we got there, we were greatly impressed by its beautiful view. All kinds of butterflies were flying freely in the valley, the entire mountain was covered with beautiful flowers, and the air there was pleasant to breathe; as a result, we couldnt wait to walk into nature. Though we were tired, it was the trip that improved our friendship and raised our awareness to care about the environment. Best wishes.Yours,Li Hua
