1、专题专题 4 4 辨析从句，词汇扩充辨析从句，词汇扩充 辨析定语从句和名词性从句辨析定语从句和名词性从句& &高一词汇拓展练高一词汇拓展练【从句辨析从句辨析牛刀小试牛刀小试】110. DDBBD CADBB 11-12 AD名词性从句名词性从句1.What 句意：警方发现了看起来像那件丢失的古代雕像的东西。为宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，且表示“物” ，故用 what 引导2.What 引导主语从句，从句缺少主语成分，且指物 3.That 宾语从句，宾语从句结构和意思都很完整，所以用 that4.What 主从从句，从句中缺少主语 表物5.That 宾语从句 句意完整不缺少任何成分6.That 同
2、位语从句7.How 句意不要因失败而泄气，因为你永远也不会知道成功可能离你有多近。 “_ close you may be to victory” 为宾语从句，空后的 close 为形容词，故填 how8.Because 表语从句9.Whichever 主语从句，引导词修饰限制后面的 one ，且表示在限定范围（you ）中的任何一个，故用whichever 译为“无论哪一个”10. Whether 句意：新组成的委员会制定的政策是否能实施还有待观察。It 为形式主语，引导主语从句词汇拓展词汇拓展拓展适应型拓展适应型：1-5 ACCDA 6-10 DACCB 11-12AC 13(1) B (
3、2)B 14-15CA 16-20BAABB 21-25BDBCD 26-30CCBAA 31-35BCDDA进阶型：1-5BAADC 6-10BCABD 11-15CBCBC阅读理解阅读理解BAD好题链接好题链接 【答案】4. A 5. C 6. A 7. C【解析】这是一篇议论文。主要讲述了对彼得罗斯基博士的书原谅设计：理解失败 的评论，工程设计可能会因为某些原因带来失败，但失败才能带来进步。【4 题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段 “In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was c
4、losed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned
5、 out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway”可以看出， 1987 年 5 月，金门大桥举行了一个50 岁生日聚会。这座桥禁止机动车通行，人们可以在桥上散步。组织者预计将有5 万人到场。相反，多达80 万人挤满了通往大桥的道路。当25 万人在桥上时，工程师们注意到了一个可怕的现象：路面在被要求承载的最重荷载作用下变得平了。更糟的是，它开始晃动。因此可以看出，金门大桥50 岁生日那天，它的重量超过了它的承受能力。故选A。【5 题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第
6、三段 “Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constru
7、cted with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.”可知，虽然他承认工程设计可能会因为那些想出或设计它们的人只是把事情弄错了失败，但在这本书中，彼得罗斯基博士拓宽了他的视野，考虑了这种失败发生的更大背景。有时，由于一
8、个好的设计是用不合格的低质量材料建造的，所以装置会失败。或者，一个设计工作得如此好，以至于在其他地方一次又一次地被采用，用似乎是无害的改进，直到突然间，它完全不起作用了。因此可以推测出，根据第三段，不是所有的灾难都是由工程设计引起的是彼得罗斯基博士的想法。故选C。【6 题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的 “It is failure that brings improvement.”可知，失败才能带来进步。因此可以看出，A 项与此相呼应，即失败能带来进步，故选A。【7 题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段 “The story is one of scores in To Forgive D
9、esign：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（赞歌）to its breakdowns.”可知，这个故事是 原谅设计：理解失败 一书中的一个，这本书既是对工程的一封情书，也是对其崩溃的赞歌。并且后面两段都在写这本书里的内容以及评价，再根据倒数第二段的“Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discus
10、sion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.”可知，读者不仅会遇到他们以前听过的故事，还会遇到一些新的故事和关于工程师对公众的责任以及如何帮助年轻工程师掌握它们的动人讨论。再结合最后一段“It is failure that brings improvement.”可知，失败才能带来进步。因此可以推测出，这些内容都是关于这本书的评论，因为这篇文章是书评，故选C。七选五七选五 EABFG1 解析：选 B根据空后的“
11、because Id never seen geese there before” 可知，作者之前从来没在自家的池塘里发现过雁，所以他很吃惊(surprise)。accident“事故” ；nature“本质，大自然” ；fortune“运气，好运” 。2 解析：选 D根据上文中的“Thinking they would soon leave”可知，作者认为它们不久就会离开，所以非常珍视(valued)接近它们的机会。increase“增加” ；create“创造” ；deserve“值得” 。3 解析：选 A第二天早上，这两只雁仍然在作者家的池塘里，没有离开。根据下文作者对待这对雁的行为可推
12、知，作者把它们当作自己的“客人”(guests)，且最后一段中的 visit 也是提示。puzzle“谜，难题” ；fellow“家伙” 。4 解析：选 C上文说作者走到邮箱那里，向雁证明他无意伤害它们，接下来，作者仍然(Still)抵挡不住走近看它们(的想法)。instead“代替，而不是” ；therefore“因此” ；anyhow“无论如何，不管怎样” 。5 解析：选 A参见上题解析。closer“更近的”符合语境。6 解析：选 C作者藏在几棵树的后面，透过树枝静静地观察(observed)这对漂亮的雁。approach“接近” ；calm“使镇定，使平静” ；protect“保护”
13、。7 解析：选 D随着时间的流逝，作者开始在去邮箱的途中跟它们谈话(talking)。turn“转动；转身” ；attend“参加；照料” ；drive“驾驶” 。8 解析：选 B它们伸长脖子，谨慎地(cautiously)抬起头来。firmly“坚定地，牢固地” ；warmly“温暖地” ；proudly“自豪地” 。9 解析：选 A那时候，作者对于它们为什么(why)在池塘里待这么久由好奇变成了担心。10 解析：选 D参见上题解析。concern“担心”符合语境。sympathy“同情” ；rescue“营救” ；pleasure“愉快” 。11 解析：选 B作者发现了它们拜访(visit
14、)这里的原因：雄雁的左翅膀受伤了。visit“参观，拜访”符合语境。companion“同伴，旅伴” ；settlement“定居，解决” ；care“关心，照顾” 。12 解析：选 C雄雁不会飞(fly)了，它忠实的配偶不愿意抛弃它。recover“恢复” ；survive“幸存” ；return“返回” 。13 解析：选 C生物学家解释说，有时候折断的翅膀会自愈。broken“折断的”符合语境。14 解析：选 B当作者弯腰去系拖拉机上的一根链子的时候，作者从眼角的余光里瞥见(caught)了一些变化。15 解析：选 D这两只雁拼命地拍打(beating)着翅膀，挣扎着要飞起来。spread
15、“传播” ；sweep“扫过，冲过” ；tremble“颤抖” 。16 解析：选 A它们到达(gained)了足够的高度，飞过了一个邻居的房子。set“放置” ；discover“发现” ；lose“丢失” 。17 解析：选 B然后，它们离开了作者的视线。out of sight“看不见，在视野之外” ，为固定用法。18 解析：选 C就在第二天，下了第一场雪。这两只雁肯定是意识到(sensed)冬天就要来了，它们该离开了。conclude“推断，决定” ；indicate“指示，表明” ；confirm“确认，证实” 。19 解析：选 A它们意外拜访作者家的池塘期间，作者就喜欢上了它们，它们飞
16、走之后，现在作者想念它们。unexpected“意外的，想不到的”符合语境。20 解析：选 D作者永远不会忘记它们对彼此的深爱。devotion“深爱，忠心”符合语境。初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略专题专题 4 4 辨析从句，词汇扩充辨析从句，词汇扩充 辨析定语从句和名词性从句辨析定语从句和名词性从句& &高一词汇拓展练高一词汇拓展练本专题编写：杭州第二中学 姚璟丰 审核：德清县高级中学 郭烨辉 校稿：沈易【导学导学】定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任，也可以由一个句子来充当，充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和
17、非限制性定语从句。【基础知识基础知识】定语从句定语从句限制性定限制性定语语从句从句它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识那个刚刚进来的女孩吗？The time when I first met Mr White was a very difficult period of my life.我第一次遇见怀特先生时是我生命中一个非常艰难的时期。非限制性定非限制性定语语从句
18、从句它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用 that 引导。The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那栋房子有一个漂亮的花园。As 引引导导定定语语从句用法从句用法（1）As 既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以用于非限定性定句中充当主语，宾语，表语等。常
19、用于以下句型当中：Such/so. as. 即“像.一样” the same . as 即“和.同样的”A computer is so useful a machine as we can use everyday.初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略He is not the same man as he was.（2）引导非限制性定语从句，此时译为“正如，像”等。可以放在句首，句中或句末。As I remember, there were a net bar here.Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, as is know
20、n to all.the same as.和 the same that.引导定语从句的区别This is the same bike that I lost yesterday. (同一事物)This is the same bike as I lost yesterday. （同类事物）关系副关系副词词的运用的运用（1）When 在定语从句中做时间状语，先行词为表示时间的 time, day 等I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when=on which)（2）Where 在定语从句中做地点状语，先行词为表地点的
21、 place, spot 等Can you tell me the office where he works?(where = in which)（3）Why 在定语从句中做原因状语，先行词只有 reason.I dont want to listen to any reason why you were absent.(why = for which) 关系副词 = 相应的介词 + 关系代词 Where 引导的定语从句还可以修饰抽象空间的名词如 case(情形)，situation, position(位置),stage (阶段)，point（地步）等What are the situat
22、ions where body language is the only form of communication?在哪些情况下身体语言是唯一的沟通方式。(此时 where = in which)几个特殊的先行几个特殊的先行词词（1）way 在定语从句中做状语时的三种引导方式 that / in which / 不填The way in which / that / 不填 he explains the sentence to us is quite simple.比较：The way which /that/不填 he told to us was quite simple.way 在定语
23、中作 tell 的宾语（2）先行词 time初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略time 表示“次数”时，用关系代词 that 引导定语从句This is the first time that the president has visited the country.time 作“一段时间” 讲时，应用关系副词 whenThis was the time when there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets此时 when = during which 在.期间（3）先行词 reason 当在定语从句中作状语时，定语
24、从句的 4 种引导方式 why/for which/that/不填This is the reason why/for which/that/不填 he can not come here.比较：Is this the reason that/which/不填 he explained to us for his absence from the conference.reason 在定语从句中做 explain 的宾语介介词词+关系代关系代词词该结构的关系代词只有两种即 介词+which（指物） 介词+whom（指人）该结构介词的选用原则：（1）根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配This is
25、 the book on which I spent $ 8.This is the book for which I paid $ 8.（2）根据先行词的搭配习惯I remember the days during which I lived there.I remember the day on which I graduated from university.（3）根据整个句子所表达的意思来决定The colorless gas without which we cant live is called oxygen.（4）英语中为了强调某一名词，不定式前面也可以加上关系代词。Here
26、is the money with which to buy the piano.She is the right person on whom to depend定定语语从句的主从句的主谓谓一致一致（1）当先行词是 one of + 复数名词，定语从句的位于动词要用复数形式The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitor every year.初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略（2）当先行词是 the only + one of +复数名词，从句谓语用单数形式The
27、 Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.（3）先行词如果是整个句子，定语从句的谓语动词用单数Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us.名名词词性从句性从句主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。引导名
28、词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that, whether, if ,as if,as though,because（不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever,whose, which,whichever.（在从句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语）连接副词：when, whenever,where,wherever, how, however,why（在从句中做状语）1.主主语语从句从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
29、It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语 it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名词 + that 从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that 从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that 从句（4）I
30、t + 不及物动词 + that 从句初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) thatIt is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that2. 宾语宾语从句从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。He has
31、told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。注意：在 demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。I insist that
32、she (should) do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。I know (that) he will study English next year.（从句用一般将来时）当主句动词是过去时态（could, would 除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现
33、在时态。The teacher told us that Tom had left us for Americathink, believe, imagine, suppose 等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。3. 表表语语从句从句初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。The fact is that we have lost th
34、e game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。That is why he didnt come to the meeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，当主语是 reason 时，表语从句要用 that 引导而不是 because。The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning4. 同位同位语语从句从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、d
35、emand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word 等抽象名词。The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可
36、能玛丽生病了。同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that 作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that 引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句:I had no idea that you were here（that 引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that 引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略【从句辨析从句辨析牛
37、刀小试牛刀小试】定语从句定语从句1.Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. afterB. whatC. whateverD. that2.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _family was poor.A. of whomB. whomC. of whoseD. whose3.All _is needed is a supply of oil.A. the thingB. thatC. whatD. which4.She heard a te
38、rrible noise, _brought her heart into her mouth.A. itB. whichC. thisD. that5.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _she could turn for help.A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom6.Who is the man _is standing over there?A. whomB. whichC. thatD. he7.Who is the man _you just talked to?A. XB. whi
39、chC. whoeverD. whose8.Wang Hai is the student _home caught fire last night.A. whichB. thatC. whomD. whose9.Is this the pen _you were writing?A. with thatB. with whichC. to thatD. to which10. Her bag, _she put all her books, has not been found.A. whereB. in whichC. whichD. that11. Culture refers to a
40、 group or community _ we share common experiences that shape the waywe understand the world.A. with which B. that C. which D. what12. The course normally attracts 200 students per year, _ up to half come from overseas.初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略A. in which B. for whom C. with which D. of whom名词性从句名
41、词性从句1. Police have found _ appears to be the lost ancient statue.2. _ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.3. Experts believe _ people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.4. _ struck me most in the movie was the fathers deep love for his son
42、.5. Its good to know _ the dogs will be well cared for while were away.6. the only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief _ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.7. Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell _ close you may be to victory.8. From
43、 space, the earth looks blue. This is about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.9. _ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.10. It remains to be seen _ the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice.【词汇拓展词汇拓展原创命题原创命题】1. I was _ by his meaningful and insp
44、iring lecture on his ambition and determination. A. impressed B. submitted C.occupied D. clumsy2.To prevent yourself from getting by the virus,youd better rest at home instead of hanging out .A.infected ; swiftly B. released; frequently C.infected ; frequently D. released; swiftly3.When meeting disa
45、sters,keep calm and try to find methods to get out of the troubles.A.unconquerable B.incredible C.enormous D.psychological4.The 2019-nCon epidemic has become a common of the international community.A.circumstance B.privilege C.association D concern5.Since the first infection was diagnosed in Wuhan i
46、n December 2019, the novel coronavirus has been spreading at a speed even the expectation of medical experts.A.beyond B.beneath C.underneath D.below6.If we keep wasting so much energy, _are that our oil wells will dry up and the 初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略初高中英语衔接新高考培优方略environment will be destroyed.A. problems B
47、. difficultiesC.issues D. chances7.The 2019-nCon epidemic will have much negative on Chinas economy as well as world economy in many ways.A. impact B.way C.strength D.evaluation8.Hangzhou offers surgical face masks free of charge to citizens difficulties in A.ease producing B.increase ; purchasing C
48、.ease ; purchasing D. increase ; producing9. the droplet( spread wildly, people have begun wearing masks in public. A.Owing to B.in case of C.Given that D.In spite of10.Thanks to Jack, the man and his girlfriend eventually _after cold relationship between them.A. took up B. made up C. broke up D. tu
49、rned up11.Such few words cant fully our thankfulness for your irreplaceable contribution.A.convey B.replace C.bless D.withdraw12.I believe with our attempts we will win the battle and make a quick recovery.A.absolute B.joined C.concerted D.abrupt13. 1 The Voice of China has set up a stage some peopl
50、e can achieve their dreams. A. which B. where C. that D. when(2)The company promised to pay money for the customers _ their shoddy goods and _ an apology in public.A. purchasing ; making B. purchasing; make C. purchased; to make D. to purchase; made14.It was the most touching masterpiece _ was playe
