1、n1.1 仿造仿造 翻译 SL 的無等值词汇時，用 TL 中的直接对应词代換無等值词汇的組成部分 (词素 / 词) 借用英语中已有的相关單词來表达中医学特有的概念 肝血liver blood 血虚blood deficiency 活血化瘀activating blood to resolve stagnationn1.1 仿造仿造 句子层次的翻译也能运用仿造法 從阴阳翻则生，逆之翻则死。 Following (the law of) yin and yang ensures life, while violating it leads to death. 阴虚翻则热，阳虚翻则寒。 Defici
2、ency of yin generates heat and deficiency of yang produces cold.n1.2 定义化定义化 中医术语高度凝煉，难以用同樣長短的英语表达清楚 翻译往往以解釋、定义方式進行 辨证论治 diagnosis and treatment based on the overall analysis of symptoms and signs 虚脹 Flatulence due to yang-deficiency of the spleen and kidneyn1.2 定义化定义化 缺点 简洁变冗長，违反科技术语翻译、使用的原翻则 和语境难以配
3、合 有碍中医术语英译迈向规范 简化处理 辨证论治 treatment based on syndrome differentiation (Li) identifying patterns and determining treatment (Wiseman) 虚胀 deficiency-flatulence vacuity distensionn1.3 词义分化词义分化 同一中医术语在不同语境下，可以有不同涵义 (一词多义 polysemy) 同一概念也可用不同术语表达 (同义词 synonymy) 虚 asthenia, deficiency, insufficiency, weaknes
4、s, debility, hypofunctionn1.3 词义分化词义分化 脾虚 asthenia of the spleen (Li) spleen vacuity (Wiseman) spleen deficiency (WHO draft)* 脾虚水泛 hypofunction of the spleen* (Li) 体虚 weakness / debilityn1.3 词义分化词义分化 必須必須考虑考虑语境语境 a) 肾藏精，精舍志。 精指精气 The kidney stores essence and the essence maintains activities. b) 精1伤
5、翻则骨痠痿厥，精2 時自下。 精1 指肾精； 精2 指精液 The damage of the kidney essence causes aching and flaccidity of the bones as well as cold sensation in the limbs, which will further leads to frequent seminal emission.n1.3 词义分化词义分化 (續) 必須考虑语境必須考虑语境 c) 脈理精微，其体难辨。精 指精深The theory of pulse is very profound and the conditi
6、ons of pulse are difficult to differentiate.n1.4 拼音化拼音化 當英语無法表达中医特有概念時，用拼音翻译 气 Vital energy * Qi动笔！ which term(s) should be phonetically transcribed? 四气五味 four properties and five tastes (Li) four natures and five flavors (Wiseman) 滋阴降火 nourishing yin to reduce fire enriching yin and downbearing fir
7、en2.1 词汇缺口词汇缺口 (lexical gap) 翻译人員各有不同考虑、偏好 五行 five elements, five phases, wuxing 命門 gate of life, vital gate, vitaport, mingmen 三焦 three warmers, triple burners, three heaters, triple energizers, sanjiao 五脏 five solid organs, five bowels, five zang-organs, five zang-visceras, wuzangn2.2 理解偏差理解偏差 历時、
8、文化因素，使得术语理解困难 失笑散 Powder for Lost Smiles* Sudden Smile Powder 黃帝內经 Yellow Emperors Internal Medicine * (Huangdis) Canon of Medicine Huangdis Classics on Medicine Huangdis Internal Classic Huangdi Neijingn重要经典译名舉隅重要经典译名舉隅素問Plain Questions, Elementary Questions灵樞Miraculous Pivot, Pivotal Axis, Magic P
9、ivot类经Systematic Compilation of the Internal Classic,Classified Canon难经Difficult Classic*, Classic on Medical Problems*Classic of Difficult Issues伤寒杂病论Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous DiseasesOn Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases金匱要略Synopsis of Golden ChamberImportant Strategies from the Go
10、lden ChestEssential Prescription of the Golden Coffern重要经典译名舉隅重要经典译名舉隅神農本草经Shen Nongs Herbal, The HerbalThe Canon on Medicinal HerbsDivine Husbandmans Herbal Foundation Canon本草綱目Compendium of Materia MedicaComprehensive Herbal Foundation本草備要Essentials of Materia MedicaEssential Herbal Foundation瀕湖脈学
11、The Pulse Studies of Bin-huBin-hu Sphygmologyn重要经典译名舉隅重要经典译名舉隅 (續)太平惠民和劑局方Formularies of the Bureau of Peoples Welfare PharmaciesStandard Formularies of the Pharmacy for Peoples Welfare in Taiping Reign-PeriodFormulas of the Tai Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy湯頭歌訣Recipes in Rhymes溫病條辨Detailed Analysis
12、of Epidemic Febrile DiseasesAn Analysis on Warm DiseasesSystematized Identification of Warms Diseasesn重要经典译名舉隅重要经典译名舉隅 (續)時病论On Seasonal Diseases傅青主女科Fu Qing-zhus Obstetrics and Gynecology洗冤集錄Instruction to CoronersRecords of Redressing Wronged Cases外台祕要Medical Secrets of an Official *Secret Prescri
13、ptions Collected when Off-Duty *Essential Secrets from Outside the Metropolis *Essential Secrets from the Imperial Libraryn3.1 借用西醫术语借用西醫术语动笔！ 心悸 便秘 便溏 遺尿 黃疸 納呆npalpitationnconstipationnloose / sloppy stoolnenuresis / incontinence*njaundicenanorexia*, poor appetite / torpid intaken3.2 直译直译动笔！ 阳化气 阴中
14、之阴 木生火 抑木扶土 补母瀉子 * 心开窍於舌 脾主运化 * 肺主气司呼吸nyang transforming into qinyin within yinnwood generates/generating fireninhibiting wood to strengthen earthnsupplementing mother-organ and draining child organnheart opens into the tonguenthe spleen governs transportation / movement and transformationnthe lung
15、governs qi and manages respirationn3.2 直译直译动笔！ 阴阳失調 脾失健运 肝不藏血 胃失和降 肾阳不足nyin-yang disharmony / imbalance between yin and yangnspleen failing to move and transform / dysfunction of spleen; failure of spleen in transportationnliver failing to store blood / inability of the liver to store bloodnimpaired
16、 harmonious downbearing of the stomach / failure of gastric qi to descendninsufficiency of kidney yang / insufficiency of renal yangn3.3 意译意译 天行赤眼 acute contagious conjunctivitis vs. heaven-current red eye 纏腰火丹 herpes zoster around the waist vs. girdling fire cinnabar 子盜母气 child-organ disorder invol
17、ving its mother organ vs. child steals the mothers qin3.4 音意結合音意結合 元气 primordial qi, original qi, congenital qi 正气 healthy qi, right qi, genuine qi, vital qi 宗气 pectoral qi, thoracic qi, ancestral qi 中气 gastrosplenic qi*, middle qi, center qi 營气 nutrient qi, construction qi 肾气 kidney-qi, renal qi*n三
18、焦，是中医学脏腑学說中一個特有的名词。nThe term, triple warmer, is peculiar to TCM.n三焦是上焦、中焦、下焦的合稱，為六腑之一。nIt is a collective name of the upper, middle and lower warmer and is one of the six bowels.n关於三焦的型態与实質，中医界眾說紛紜，至今尚無定论。nIn the field of TCM, no unanimous conclusion has been drawn about the form and crux of the tri
19、ple warmer.n一般認為，三焦是包羅人体所有內脏的一個大脏，nIt is generally recognized that “triple warmer” is a large bowel containing all the internal organs.n如明 張介賓說：三焦者，確有一腑，蓋脏腑之外，軀殼之內，包羅諸脏，一腔之大腑也。nFor instance, Zhang Jiebin, a medical man in the Ming dynasty, said, “Triple warmer is, in fact, a bowel. It is outside all
20、 the viscera and bowels but within the body, contains all the other organs and is the largest bowel within the body cavity.”n在中医理论中，三焦也是劃分軀体部位的一個概念。nIn the theory of TCM the term “triple warmer” is also used to locate the body parts.n即膈以上的部位為上焦，包括心、肺；膈以下、臍以上的部位為中焦，包括脾、胃；臍以下為下焦，包括肝、肾、大小肠、膀胱、女子胞等。nThe
21、 upper warmer is the portion of the body cavity above the diaphragm which houses the heart and the lung. The middle warmer is the portion between the diaphragm and umbilicus (navel) which houses the spleen and the stomach. The lower warmer is the portion below the umbilicus which houses the liver, t
22、he kidney, the urinary bladder, the intestines and the uterus.n其中肝脏，按其部位來說，应归划中焦。nAccording to the livers location, it can be clearly seen that the liver is an organ within the middle warmer.n但中医認為，肝肾同源，关係密切，故將肝肾同劃歸下焦。nBut it is said that the liver is an organ within the lower warmer. Why? Because T
23、CM believes that the liver and the kidney have the same source (a common source) and a close relationship, thus puts the liver into the lower warmer (together with the kidney).n三焦的生理功能，总的來說，是总司人体气化。nGenerally speaking, the physiological functions of triple warmer control the activities of the qi of
24、the human body.n分开來說，上焦主呼吸、主宣发 (实指心、肺的功能)，即把積於胸中的气宣布、布达全身，若霧露之溉，故稱上焦如霧；nThe upper warmer controls respiration, and activates the flow of vital energy, blood and body fluid (referring to, in fact, the functions of the heart and lung), i.e., it disperses pectoral qi accumulated in the chest to all par
25、ts of the body just as fog and dew moisten the earth. This is why TCM says that “The upper warmer is like a sprinkler for distributing nutrients and qi.”n动笔！n中焦主运 (实指脾、胃的功能)，即腐熟水谷，运化精微，以化气血，故喻之為中焦如漚；nThe middle warmer functions in transportation and transformation (referring to in fact, the function
26、s of the spleen and stomach), i.e. it ferments water and food and transports and transforms food essence in order to produce vital energy and blood. Therefore, it is likened to a fermentation tun, where food is digested.n动笔！n下焦主分別清濁、排泄尿液与大便 (实指肾、小肠、大肠、膀胱的功能)，以上生理功能均具有向下、向外排泄的特点故稱下焦如瀆。nThe lower warm
27、er separates clear fluid from turbid fluid and discharges urine and stool, (referring to, in fact, the functions of the kidney, the small intestine, the large intestine and the urinary bladder). These two physiological functions mentioned above are characterized by excreting wastes downwards and out
28、wards. It is said that the lower warmer works like gutters, to filter and drain off waste and superfluous water.n三焦的這些生理功能，实際上是体內各脏腑功能的总合。nIn fact, all these physiological functions of the triple warmer are the sum total of the activities of all the viscera and bowels in the body.n在病理上，上、中、下三焦异常所出現的
29、病证，实際上也是各部位脏腑功能的异常表現。nPathologically, diseases (disease patterns) due to an abnormality of upper, or middle, or lower warmer are manifestations of dysfunctions of the viscera or bowels within it.nPhysiologically, two aspects are involved in the relationship between the lung and the spleen.nThe lung
30、and the spleen are physiologically related in two ways.nOne is the production of the pectoral qi.nThe lung is responsible for inhaling fresh air and the spleen for absorbing food nutrients through transportation and transformation.nThe accumulation of the fresh air and food nutrients in the chest ev
31、entually transforms into the pectoral qi.nThus the normal function of the lung and the spleen are prerequisite to sufficient production of the pectoral qi.nNormal functioning of the lung and the spleen are thus essential for sufficient production of (the) pectoral qi.nSufficient production of (the)
32、pectoral qi depends on the normal functioning of the lung and the spleen.nThe other is the metabolism of fluid.nThe other involves the metabolism of fluid.nThe spleen absorbs and transports water and the lung distributes water to all parts of the body, both of which are important to the metabolism o
33、f water.nThe spleen and the lung are of vital importance in fluid metabolism since water is absorbed and transported by the spleen and distributed to all parts of the body by the lung.nIf deficiency of spleen-qi or insufficiency of lung-qi affects the production of the pectoral qi, it will lead to s
34、hortness of breath, no desire to speak, chest oppression, poor appetite and loose stool.nIf deficiency of spleen-qi or lung-qi affects the production of (the) pectoral qi, it will lead to shortness of breath, reluctance to speak, chest distrest, poor appetite and loose stool.nIf it affects the metabolism of fluid, it will bring on cough, asthma*, profuse phlegm, edema and oliguria.nIf fluid metabolism is affected, cough and panting, excessive phlegm, edema and oliguria would be resulted.THANK YOU
