1、Attributive clauses (1) 定语从句定语从句Use a sentence to act as the attributeWhat is the attribute?a beautiful girla washing machine定语定语就是用来修饰限定，解释说明一个事物定语从句定语从句就是用一个句子来修饰限定，解释说明一个事物太子及宾客太子及宾客知其事知其事者者the prince and the guests who knew it关系代词：关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as关系副词：关系副词：when, where, why先
2、行词先行词+关系代词关系代词/关系副词关系副词a We can stay in touch with the people that/who/whom we want to remain friends with.b People tend to post only positive updates which/that make them appear happy and friendly. c The digital age also enables us to find people who/that share our interests.D Now and then we may s
3、hare some information that/which criminals will use.d The digital age also enables us to find people whose interests are the same as ours.先行词先行词关系代词关系代词从句中的成分从句中的成分物which不完整句子主语/宾语/表语人who不完整句子主语/宾语/表语人whom不完整句子宾语人/物that不完整句子主语/宾语/表语人/物whose完整句子定语 从句（完整句子）从句（完整句子） 指代先行词指代先行词 在从句中做成分在从句中做成分表语表语He is n
4、ot the man that he was.1.Something bad that on the Internet may be harmful. Something bad that existed on the Internet may be harmful.2.You will find some activities that you are interested. You will find some activities that you are interested in.3. You have some different problems that you cant so
5、lve them. 4. You should know that what you are interested in. You should know that everyone has the strengths and weaknesses. You should know what you are interested in. 5.There are some unhealthy sites may be bad for you. There are some unhealthy sites that may be bad for you.6.Surfing the Internet
6、, which is an effective way to increase your knowledge, and it can relax you. Surfing the Internet, which is an effective way to increase your knowledge, will have positive influence on you and it can relieve you.A We can stay in touch with people. We want to remain friends with them.B We can stay i
7、n touch with the people that/who/whom we want to remain friends with.选择相同成分，确定先行词选择相同成分，确定先行词确定主从句确定主从句选择合适的关系代词选择合适的关系代词 （主句看（主句看“人人”“”“物物”，从句看成分），从句看成分）其他成分照抄其他成分照抄Activity 2 1 Lucy is my friend who / that has a hearing problem.2 I learnt a new language which / that allows me to “speak” with my ha
8、nds.3 Lucy is a smart girl whose ideas are always inspiring.4 I sometimes have problems （that / which） I cant solve. （关系代词作宾语可省略）5 Lucy is a good listener （whom / who / that） I enjoy sharing moments of my life with.限制性定语从句：修饰限定限制性定语从句：修饰限定非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句：内容：解释说明内容：解释说明形式：先行词与定语从句用形式：先行词与定语从句用逗号逗号隔
9、开隔开关系代词：关系代词：which，who, whom, whose, asthat不行！不行！He has two sons who work in the same company.(Maybe he has more than two sons.)He has two sons, who work in the same company.(He only has two sons.)He failed in the match, which was a great pity.As is known to everybody, Chinese people are hard-workin
10、g. As you know, she is leaving soon.As is often the case, 像往常一样，像往常一样，As we had expected,正如正如我们所预料的那样，我们所预料的那样，As is mentioned above,正如上面提到的，正如上面提到的，区别as& which 在非限制性定语从句当中指代“一件事一件事”u 意思 as: 正如 which：这（件事）u 位置 as: 先行词, as (11) as, 先行词 (14) 先, ,行词 (5) which: 先行词, which asA company, which lost profits
11、 from home markets, may seek opportunities abroad.The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 关系代词关系代词as 非限：非限：as the old saying goes as is often the case as is well-known=as is known to all as we had expected as often happens as has been said before as is ment
12、ioned above限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句：such+名词名词+as 像像一样一样 the same +名词名词+as 和和相同相同 We have found such materials as are used in their factory. This is such a difficult problem as nobody can solve. He is not the same man as he was. I have the same book as he has. materials, 主语a difficult problem, 宾语man, 表语book,
13、宾语suchas和 suchthat区别He is such a good teacher as we all respect.He is such a good teacher that we all respect him. 结构：such +名词+as+不完整句子 定语从句 such+名词+that+完整句子 结果状语从句翻译：的 如此以至于只用只用that而不用而不用which的情况的情况(限制性定语从句限制性定语从句)1.人人和和物物共同作先行词时共同作先行词时Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about
14、?你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？2.先行词为先行词为不定代词不定代词 all, much, few, little (表数量表数量), none, the one something, everything, anything, nothingDo you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要说的吗？你有什么要说的吗？3.先行词被先行词被all, every, no, some, any, (a)few, (a)little, much等限定等限定词修饰时词修饰时4.先行词被先行词被the on
15、ly, the very(恰恰，正好恰恰，正好), the right, the last 等词等词修饰时修饰时The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们唯我们唯一能做的饰时就是给你一些钱。一能做的饰时就是给你一些钱。5. 先行词前有先行词前有最高级最高级修饰时修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。6. 先行词前有先行词前有序数词修饰序数词修饰或先行词为或先行词为序数词
16、序数词时时What is the first American film that you have seen?你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？7.主句的主语是疑问词主句的主语是疑问词who/which 时时Which is the book that you lost? 哪本是你丢的书？哪本是你丢的书？Who is the boy that won the gold med-al?谁是得金牌的男孩谁是得金牌的男孩There be 句型先行词为人，关系代词用whoThere is a pretty girl who wants to see you.先行词为物，关系
17、代词用that There is a room in the building that is still free. 定语从句关系副词What do these relative adverbs refer to?a Eventually, it manages to reach the places where it will spend the winter.b The solution to the mystery of the monarchs amazing ability comes at a time when it is in serious trouble.c Sadly,
18、 human activity is the main reason why the number of monarch butterflies is falling. 先行词先行词关系副词关系副词从句中的成分从句中的成分时间when完整句子状语地点where完整句子状语原因why完整句子状语 从句从句 指代先行词指代先行词 在从句中做成分在从句中做成分先行词先行词关系代词关系代词从句中的成分从句中的成分物which不完整句子主语/宾语/表语人who不完整句子主语/宾语/表语人whom不完整句子宾语人/物that不完整句子主语/宾语/表语人/物whose完整句子定语 指代先行词指代先行词 在从
19、句中做成分在从句中做成分先行词先行词关系副词关系副词从句中的成分从句中的成分时间when完整句子状语地点where完整句子状语原因why完整句子状语Is this library he built?Is this library he works?Ill never forget the time we spent together.Ill never forget the time we spent the summer holiday together.This is the second time the President has visited the country. 选词看两方面
20、：“做什么成分做什么成分” 和 “先行词是什先行词是什么么”thatwherethatwhenthatThe way he explained to us was quite simple.做宾语 that/which/不填 The way he explained the math problem to us was not difficult to understand. 做状语 that/in which/不填 a. Eventually, it manages to reach the places.b. It will spend the winter at the places.E
21、ventually, it manages to reach the places which it will spend the winter at.Eventually, it manages to reach the places at which it will spend the winter.Eventually, it manages to reach the places where it will spend the winter.a. The solution comes at a time. b. It is in serious trouble at a time. T
22、he solution comes at a time which it is in serious trouble at.The solution comes at a time at which it is in serious trouble.The solution comes at a time when it is in serious trouble.a. Sadly, human activity is the main reason. b. The number of monarch butterflies is falling for this reason. Sadly,
23、 human activity is the main reason which the number of monarch butterflies is falling for. Sadly, human activity is the main reason for which the number of monarch butterflies is falling. Sadly, human activity is the main reason why the number of monarch butterflies is falling. where=in/at/on whichw
24、hen=in/at/on/during whichwhy=for whichThere was a time we enjoyed the scenery.There was a time.We enjoyed the scenery during this time.when=during whichThis is the village he once lived.This is the village.He once lived in that village.where=in whichwhenwhere 定语从句定语从句先行词是先行词是reasonReason is the reas
25、on whyHuman activity is the main reason why the number of the butterflies is falling. Reason。That/This is the reason whyThe country has witnessed some of the most important events in the past and every event has its own effect on the culture, religion, lifestyle, and economy of the country. This is
26、one of the leading reasons why tourists prefer India to travel and explore historical tours. The reason why isThe main reason why the number of the butterflies is falling is human activity.The reason why is that+句子句子The leading reasons why tourists prefer India to travel and explore Historical tours
27、 is that the country has witnessed some of the most important events in the past and every event has its own on the culture, religion, lifestyle, and economy of the country. The reason for misunderstandings is the lack of communication. The lack of communication is the reason for misunderstandings.
28、定语从句定语从句先行词是地点先行词是地点对于引导词为where的定语从句，明显的“地点”转化为“模糊的地点模糊的地点”，如situation, case, stage, point Sales director is a position communication ability is just as important as sales skills.He wrote a letter he explained what had happened in the accident. wherewhere限制性定语从句：who, whom, which, that, whose, as非限制性
29、定语从句:which, as, who, whom, whose介词+关系代词(限制和非限):which, whom介词+关系代词(限制和非限)介词+关系代词(物which, 人whom) is a subject.Americans have argued about for a long time. Gun control is a subject about which Americans have argued for a long time.This letter was returned because had died.This letter was delivered to .
30、This letter was returned because the person to whom it was delivered had died.She graduated from Peking University, after which she applied for a university abroad. itGun controlthe personthe person为了表达的准确性，“代词/名词/数词+介词+关系代词”1. It is reported that two schools, both of which are being built in my hom
31、etown, will open next year.2. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of which are beyond our control. 3. He has three brothers, two of whom are doctors. He has three brothers, and two of them are doctors. He has three brothers. Two of them are doctors.1. We saw sever
32、al natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, we gave some bells and glasses. A to which B to whom C with whom D with which 2. A good advertisement, people attach positive meanings, can contribute to the sales of a product. A for which B of which C to which D on which 3. Man
33、y young people, most were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.A of which B of them C of whom D of those Whose 表所属关系（的）This is the house whose window broke last night.This is the house, the window of which broke last night.This is the house, of which the window broke last n
34、ight.This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.This is the scientist, the name of whom is known all over the country.This is the scientist, of whom the name is known all over the country.只用只用that而不用而不用which的情况的情况(限制性定语从句限制性定语从句)1.人人和和物物共同作先行词时共同作先行词时Do you know the things and pe
35、rsons that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？2.先行词为先行词为不定代词不定代词 all, much, few, little (表数量表数量), none, the one something, everything, anything, nothingDo you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要说的吗？你有什么要说的吗？3.先行词被先行词被all, every, no, some, any, (a)few, (a)little, m
36、uch等限定等限定词修饰时词修饰时4.先行词被先行词被the only, the very(恰恰，正好恰恰，正好), the right, the last 等词等词修饰时修饰时The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们唯我们唯一能做的饰时就是给你一些钱。一能做的饰时就是给你一些钱。5. 先行词前有先行词前有最高级最高级修饰时修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。6.
37、先行词前有先行词前有序数词修饰序数词修饰或先行词为或先行词为序数词序数词时时What is the first American film that you have seen?你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？7.主句的主语是疑问词主句的主语是疑问词who/which 时时Which is the book that you lost? 哪本是你丢的书？哪本是你丢的书？Who is the boy that won the gold med-al?谁是得金牌的男孩谁是得金牌的男孩只用只用which 不用不用that情况情况1. 非限非限 2. 介词介词+关系代词关系
38、代词3. 先行词是先行词是that 介词 +关系代词，如何判断介词1. 所属of In our class there are 46 students, half of whom wear glasses. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of which had taken more than thr
39、ee years. She showed the visitors around the museum, of which the construction had taken more than three years. She showed the visitors around the museum, whose construction had taken more than three years. 介词 +关系代词，如何判断介词2. 从句中动词和先行词的关系 Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which
40、 school education depends. Gun control is a subject about which Americans have argued for a long time. A good advertisement, to which people attach positive meanings, can contribute to the sales of a product. 介词 +关系代词，如何判断介词3. 从句和先行词的关系 Shennong is respected by the Chinese people, for whom he is an important figure in ancient times. This painting represents the traditional way of farming in which crops were harvested by hand.
