1、Useful words and expressionsUseful words and expressions Unit 1 People of achievement 选择性必修一 1. descriptive (words/paragraphs) adj. 描绘性的（词语描绘性的（词语/段落）段落） pdescribe vt. 描写，描述，叙述描写，描述，叙述 udescribe .as. 把把.描述成描述成. pdescription C 解决（问题）解决（问题）; 纠正（行为、习惯）纠正（行为、习惯） pcure sb. of (disease/problem/habit) ) 治愈
2、、治好某人疾病治愈、治好某人疾病; 纠正某人（行为、习惯）纠正某人（行为、习惯） There are various _ available for this condition. Aspirin is a simple but highly effective _. Scientists around the world are working to discover a _ for AIDS. The new _/drug brought about/effected a miraculous (神奇的神奇的) _. The new therapy (疗法疗法) is seen as a
3、major step in the _ of / towards the _ of /for nervous disorders. She was _ for sunburn. This medicine will _ you of your cough. treatments treatment cure treatment cure treatmentcure treated cure The condition is usually _ with drugs and a strict diet. There is no known _ but the illness can be _.
4、He s receiving / undergoing medical _ for cancer. The prisoners complained of ill _ by their guards. This is a new product for the _ of industrial waste. Theres no easy _ for poverty (贫困贫困). Parents are trying to _ their children of laziness/bad habits treated cure treated treatment treatment treatm
5、ent cure cure 4. Artemisinin has saved. and has led to _ (improve) health for millions of people. 注意介词或动词之后作定语的过去分词：注意介词或动词之后作定语的过去分词： The two leaders spoke of their desire for _ (improve) relations. The country wants to reduce its dependence on _ (import) oil. Not only do the nurses want a pay incr
6、ease, they want_ (reduce) hours as well. improved improved imported reduced 5. get malaria 患病患病 =develop/catch/suffer from malaria 6. die from/of (an illness/disease/marlaria/cancer) 死于（疾病）死于（疾病） pdie of cold/hunger/thirst) 死于死于 （寒冷（寒冷/饥饿饥饿/干渴干渴)） pdie from (smoking/a wound/drinking/poisoning/ pollu
7、tion) 死于（吸烟死于（吸烟/受伤受伤/酗酒酗酒/中毒中毒/污染）污染） pdie for (ones ideas/beliefs/people/ones country/cause) 为（理想为（理想/信念信念/祖国祖国/人民人民/事业）事业） 而死而死 pdie in (an accident) 死于（事故）死于（事故） 7. Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatemnt for malaria, and is thought to save 100, 000 lives _ year in Africa alone. 1)
8、vital adj. 极其重要的极其重要的, 必不可少的必不可少的(=crucial,essential)； 充满生机的充满生机的(dynamic) pbe vital to / for sth. 对对至关重要至关重要 =be of vital importance to sb./sth. 极其重要极其重要 =be of vitally important to sb./sth. pIt is vital to do sth./ that 主语主语从句从句 极为重要极为重要 pplay a vital role/ part in 在在中起至关重要的作用中起至关重要的作用 a Regular e
9、xercise is vtal for/to your health. =It is vital to take regular exercise. =It is vital that you take regular exercise. 2) be said thought/considered believed/supposed known/understood reported expected to do sth./to be done to be doing sth. to have done/to have been done 据说据说 人们认为人们认为 据信，人们认为据信，人们认
10、为 知道知道; ; 获悉，据信，获悉，据信， 听说听说 据报道据报道, ,据说据说 预计预计 Sb./ sth. He is thought_ (be) one of the richest men in Europe. Some drugs are known _ (cause) damage to unborn children. She is reported _ (earn) over $10 million a year. The government is thought _ (plan) an election in June. The flu is believed_(caus
11、e) by viruses. The collection of short stories is said _ (translate) into at least five foreign languages in the years to come to be/to have been to cause to earn to be planning to be caused by to be translated Robert is said_(study) abroad, but I dont know which country he studied in. Carelessness
12、is thought _ (cause) the fire. The four men are widely believed _ (kill) by their captors(绑架者绑架者). The Prime Minister is understood _ (be) extremely angry about the report. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ (invent) the first computer. The peace talks were expected _ (break) down. to have st
13、udy to have cuased to have been killed to be/to have been to have invented to break pIt is said thought believed known understood reported expected . that主语从句 据说据说 人们认为人们认为 据信，人们认为据信，人们认为 知道知道; ; 获悉，据信，获悉，据信， 听说听说 据报道据报道, ,据说据说 预计预计 8. Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo
14、, China on 30 December 1930. 屠呦呦屠呦呦, , 一个坚定又有耐性的科学家一个坚定又有耐性的科学家, , 于于19301930年年1212月月3030 号出生于中国宁波。号出生于中国宁波。 pcommitted adj. 尽心尽力的，坚定的，坚信的尽心尽力的，坚定的，坚信的 committed members/supporters of the team 这个球队坚定地成员、支持者这个球队坚定地成员、支持者 pcommit sb/(oneself) to sth./doing sth. （表动作）（表动作） to do sth. 使某人、自己承诺、保证（做）某事使某
15、人、自己承诺、保证（做）某事, , 自己尽心尽力做自己尽心尽力做 某事某事(=dedicate/devote/apply oneself to.) He has clearly committed his government to continuing down the path of economic reform. 他已明确承诺他的政府继续沿着经济改革道路走下去。他已明确承诺他的政府继续沿着经济改革道路走下去。 The government has committed (itself) to (improving) health education. 政府已保证致力于政府已保证致力于(提
16、高提高) 健康教育。健康教育。 Both sides committed themselves to settle the dispute (分歧分歧) peacefully. 双方承诺和平解决分歧。双方承诺和平解决分歧。 He was very cautious about committing himself to anything. 他谨慎行事，对任何事情不做承诺。他谨慎行事，对任何事情不做承诺。 pbe committed to sth./doing sth. 承诺、保证做某事；尽力尽力做某事承诺、保证做某事；尽力尽力做某事 （表状态）（表状态）(=be devoted/dedicat
17、ed to.) The company is committed to providing qualilty products. 公司承诺全力提供优质产品。公司承诺全力提供优质产品。 She is very committed to her job/to helping the homeless. 她对工作非常尽职、她尽心尽力帮助无家可归者。她对工作非常尽职、她尽心尽力帮助无家可归者。 pcommit sth.(money/time/resources) to sth./doing sth. 把把 (钱、时间、资源等）投入到某事上钱、时间、资源等）投入到某事上 A large amount o
18、f money has been committed to this housing project. pcommit (oneself) to sb. 忠于忠于(=be devoted to sb.) pIt was the first time in his life that he had committed himself to a woman. 他人生中第一次对一女性死心塌地。他人生中第一次对一女性死心塌地。 pcommit a murder/crime 犯（错、罪）犯（错、罪） pcommitment C 承诺，保证；承诺，保证； 承诺的事，承诺的事， 责任责任 (to sb./s
19、th. / to do/doing) U（对某组织、活动的）忠诚；奉献；投（对某组织、活动的）忠诚；奉献；投 入入(of sth. /to sb./sth.) pmake/have a commitment to sb./sth. /to do/doing sth 对某人、事作出、有承诺对某人、事作出、有承诺; 承诺做某事承诺做某事 phonor/fulfil/meet ones commitment 履行某人的承诺履行某人的承诺 Our company has (made) a commitment to quality and customer service/to customers.
20、to provide/ providing quality products and service. The companys commitment to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success. Her commitment to (her) work/to protecting the environment is beyond question/doubt. 9. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists _t
21、he objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, _ Tu Youyou was among the first researchers _ (chose). 并列句（并列句（and并列）并列） with and (to be) chosen 1) (do sth.) with the objective of doing sth. =with the purpose/aim of doing sth. 旨在做某事旨在做某事 pachieve/reach/fulful/meet/accomplish a/ones objectiv
22、e 实现某一、某人的目标实现某一、某人的目标 pOnes/The (main/key) objective (of sth.) is to do sth. 某人或某活动目标就是某人或某活动目标就是.（不定式作表语的句型）（不定式作表语的句型） pset an objective for sb./sth. 为为.确定目标确定目标 The principal objective of the department is _ (identify) market opportunities. The team has been successful in _ (finish/ achieve/make
23、) challenging objectives. You must _ (set/fix/take) realistic aims and objectives for yourself. He tried _ second time _ the objective of being chosen. to identify achieving set awith pobjective C (=aim, goal, target, purpose) 目标，目的目标，目的 adj. 客观的客观的 (about) subjective pobjectively adv. 客观地客观地 pobjec
24、t C 物体，物品；物体，物品； 目标，目的，宗旨目标，目的，宗旨; 宾语宾语 vi. (to sth./doing sth./that) 反对，反对， 不赞成不赞成 pobjection C 反对，反对， 不赞成不赞成 phave/make/raise/voice an objection to sth./doing sth. 对对.有、提出反对意见有、提出反对意见 The proposal will go ahead despite strong objections from the public 2) be among the first/best.(+复数名词复数名词) 是是.之一，
25、在中间之一，在中间 Swimming and diving are among the most popular Olympic events. I was among the last to leave. 10. in the beginning 开始时，开始时， 起初（与后来相对）起初（与后来相对） = at first, to begin with p at the beginning (of the year/story/game) 在（时间、活动）的开始在（时间、活动）的开始 /开端、初开端、初 psince the beginning of 自从自从.开始、初以来开始、初以来 pr
26、ight from the beginning/from the very beginning 从一开始从一开始 pstart from/at the beginning 从头开始从头开始 pfrom beginning to end 从头到尾从头到尾 _ the beginning I found it hard to concentrate, but now its much easier. _ the beginning, written Chinese was a picture based language Were going away _ the beginning of the
27、 school holidays. In At =At beginning of Chinese history at Shes been working there _ the beginning of last summer. I opoposed it _ the very beginning. Could we start _ the beginning? Tell me where you first met him. Ive read the whole book/article _ . since from from/at from beginning to end 11. re
28、view a situation/decision/the evidence 审查，复查，审查，复查， 再研究、考虑（情况、决定、证据等）再研究、考虑（情况、决定、证据等） (examine, study, or consider sth. again) review a play/film/book 为（为（戏剧、电影、戏剧、电影、书）写评论书）写评论 review/revise ones notes/lessons 复习，温习（笔记、功课）复习，温习（笔记、功课） review the soldiers 检阅检阅 （士兵）（士兵） 12. Her team examined over 2,
29、000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties. 1) examine/test/evaluate. for sth. 为了解为了解/获取获取.而检查、检验、评估某物而检查、检验、评估某物 The plice examined the room _ fingerprints. The water is regularly tested _ purity/lead. 2) evaluate sth./wh-从句从句 评估，评价评估，评价 =assess pevaluation C U
30、 财产，资产，财产，资产， 所有物所有物(possessions) ；C 房地产房地产 Compare the physical/chemical/medical _ of the two substances. The hotel in not responsible for any loss or damage to guests personal _. The city is growing and _ in the centre is becming more expensive. Several _ in this street are for sale _ prices vary
31、enormously from area to area. properties property property properties Property 13. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria. 1) From., sb. discover/know/can see. 从从., 某人发现、知道、可以看到某人发现、知道、可以看到 2) d
32、istinct adj. 截然或明显不同的，不同种类的截然或明显不同的，不同种类的(clearly different, of a differnt kind)；清晰的，清晰的， 清楚的，清楚的， 明显的明显的 (easily or clearly heard, seen, felt, etc., obvious) ube distinct from. 与与.截然或明显不同截然或明显不同(=be very different frome) pdistinctly adv. 清楚地，明显地清楚地，明显地 (clearly) distinctly remember/hear/see/feel/sm
33、ell/speak. 清楚记得清楚记得. pdistinction C its quite _ from the smell of wine. distinctive distinctivedistinct They fell into /were classified into/were divided into two entirely _ groups/types/categories (类别类别). Being tall gave Tony a _ advantage. Philosophers did not use to make a _ between arts and scie
34、nce. The footprints are quite _; they must be fresh. I _ remember his putting the money in his pocket. distinct distinct distinction distinct distinctly 2) show promise in sth. as sb. (a musician/writer) 在某方面显示出当（音乐家、作家）的希望、前途在某方面显示出当（音乐家、作家）的希望、前途 He/His work showed great/a lot of promise as a musi
35、cian. 他、他的作品显示出他大有音乐家的前途。他、他的作品显示出他大有音乐家的前途。 p(bring/give/hold) a/much/some promise of (success/happiness/spring/warm weather) （带来（带来/孕育着）孕育着） .迹象迹象; 吉兆，前途吉兆，前途 ppromise sth. / to be + adj./n 预示，有预示，有.可能、希望可能、希望 The clear sky promises fine weather. There were dark clouds overhead _ rain. The game pr
36、omises to be (an) exciting (one). ppromising adj. 大有前途或希望的大有前途或希望的 a promising young singer 打有前途的青年歌手打有前途的青年歌手 pmake/keep/fulfill/break a promise (to sb./to do sth./that.) 许下、遵守、违背诺言许下、遵守、违背诺言 ppromise sb. sth. / (sb.) to do sth. / (sb.) that. 承诺某人某事、做某事、某人做某事承诺某人某事、做某事、某人做某事 promising 14. They then
37、 tried boiling fresh wormwoood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work either. 1) try/suggest/acknowledge doing sth. 尝试、建议做某事尝试、建议做某事 2) boil vt 从从.取出，抽出，取出，抽出， 拔出拔出 (draw. from); 从从.获取（好处、信息、帮助）；摘获取（好处、信息、帮助）；摘 取（文章）取（文章） Oils are extracted from the plants.
38、19. TuYouyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine_ themselves to make sure that it was safe. 1) insist on/upon (sb.(s) doing sth. sth. 坚持要求（某人）坚持要求（某人） 做某事做某事; 执意做某事执意做某事 坚持说坚持说/主张主张/认为认为 pinsist that 宾从宾从 (should) do sth. 坚持要求某人做某事坚持要求某人做某事 pinsist that 宾从宾从 (正常时态正常时态) 坚持说坚持说/
39、主张主张/认为认为 =to make sure of/to ensure its safety on The man insisted on/upon _ (find) a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. (doing) I insist on _ （立刻回答）（立刻回答）. (sth) I _ _（坚持要求你采取立刻行动（坚持要求你采取立刻行动 take immediate action） to put this right. (doing/that) They insisted upon _ (give) every d
40、etail of the case. They insisted that they _ (give) every detail of the case. insist on your/you taking / insist that you (should) take immediate action finding an immediate answer being given (should) be given He insisted that the problem _ (discuss) at the meeting. He has insisted _ （他是无辜的（他是无辜的 i
41、nnocent/innocence） from the beginning. The lady insisted that the young man _ (steal) her purse and _(send) to the police station at once. The manager _ (坚持认坚持认 为为.很重要很重要) of being punctual (守时守时). (should) be discussed on his innocence / that he is innocent had stolen (should) be sent on/upon the i
42、mportance 20. be an effort / 是一件费力的事是一件费力的事 be a team/good effort/attempt 是是一次集体、良好努力的成果一次集体、良好努力的成果/结果、尝试结果、尝试 The report was a joint effort. (是共同努力的结果是共同努力的结果) Finishing the work in one day was a very good effort. 一天内完成这项工作是非常努力的结果。一天内完成这项工作是非常努力的结果。 Getting up this morning was quite an effort (wa
43、s difficult). 今天早晨起床很难。今天早晨起床很难。 He failed to set a new record, but it was a good attempt. 他没有打破新的纪录，但是是一次很好的尝试。他没有打破新的纪录，但是是一次很好的尝试。 21. Upon hearing that she _ (award) the Nobel Prize, she said, “.”. (Page 96) pon/upon prep. =soon/immediately after 就在就在.之后，一之后，一.就就 （介词短语作时间状语）（介词短语作时间状语） pon/upon
44、hearing/seeing . 就在就在听到听到/看到之后看到之后 pon/upon arriving (in/at sth.) /reaching sth./returning to/from. 一到达，一到达， （就）（就） pon/upon (ones) arrival (at/in/from sth.) （某人）一到达，（某人）一到达， （就（就) pon/upon ones return (to/from.) （某人）一回来（某人）一回来 pon/upon the death of sb. 就在某人去世之后就在某人去世之后 (should) be discussed On hear
45、ing the news, she burst into tears. She was rushed to hospital but was dead on arrival. Ill contact you on my return home/to China/from holiday. Using Language (2) 1. in modern physics/medicine/history 在现代物理学、医学、历史界在现代物理学、医学、历史界 2. be considered (as/to be) sb/sth 被看作被看作/被认为是被认为是 3. the smartest/best
46、/greatest scentists/. that/ who ever lived 有史以来智商最高的、最好的、最伟大的科学家有史以来智商最高的、最好的、最伟大的科学家. 4. He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known _(be) the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc. being = the most well-known of which were the gengeral. 1) 简单句，斜体字部分为独立主格结构简单
47、句，斜体字部分为独立主格结构 n./pron. + (being) + n./adj./adv./prep. 作状语，起补充说明作用。作状语，起补充说明作用。 独立主格结构独立主格结构: n./pron. +doing / having done +done / having been done +(being) n./adj./adv./prep. +to do （被动、将来）（被动、将来） +to do sth. （主动、将来）主动、将来） 作用：作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步（句首）、作用：作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步（句首）、 伴随或方式或起补充说明作用（句尾）伴随或方式或起
48、补充说明作用（句尾） Many people joined in the rescue work, _ _(其中一些是妇女和儿童其中一些是妇女和儿童) . After a while, a group of women came along, each _ (balance) a pot of water on her head. There are so many beautiful old buildings many _ (sit) on top of big hills, offering great views of the city, the ocean,and the Golde
49、n Gate Bridge. (See Book 3, Unit 3 Words and Expressions) balancing sittng some of them (being) women and children 2) make numerous contributions to sth./doing sth. =contribute much/a lot to sth./doing sth. 为为做出无数的贡献做出无数的贡献 p (see/meet sb.) on numerous occasions 许多次（见到、遇到某人）许多次（见到、遇到某人） p be too num
50、erous to mention/list 不胜枚举不胜枚举 3) the most well-known. 最著名的最著名的. = the best known . 4) the general theory of relativity 广义相对论广义相对论 5) the famous formula E=mc 2 著名的著名的E=mc 2公式公式 5. not only. but (also). 不仅不仅.而且而且 =not only. . as well 6. a (musical) genius 一位（音乐）天才一位（音乐）天才 C pl. geniuses pbe a genius
