1、Unit 1 Teenage life Grammar * *句子成分由词或词组充当句子成分由词或词组充当 英语的基本成分有七种：英语的基本成分有七种： _ _ _ 和和_ 主语（主语（subjectsubject）、）、谓语（谓语（predicatepredicate）、）、 表语（表语（predicativepredicative）、）、宾语（宾语（objectobject）、）、 定语（定语（attributeattribute）、）、 状语状语 补语（补语（complementcomplement）。）。 主语主语 名词、代词、动词名词、代词、动词-ing、动词不定式、动词不定式、wh
2、+动词不定动词不定 式、从句式、从句 都可以作主语。都可以作主语。 1. Our master is very kind. 2. He is a good boy. 3. Teaching them English is her job. 4. To work with them is very interesting. 5. It is necessary for him to attend the meeting tomorrow. 6. It is necessary that he will attend the meeting tomorrow. (注意对比注意对比) It was
3、in the book-shop that I met one of my old classmates last Sunday. 7. What to do next is unknown. 8. What we will do next is unknown. 谓语谓语 谓语谓语 包括包括时态时态和和语态语态。 I. 时态时态 现在时现在时 1) He doesnt work in this factory. 2) Is Tom watching TV in the sitting-room now? 3) They have learned three English songs alr
4、eady. 4) We have been learning English for almost two years since Mr. Brown taught us. 过去时 1) I didnt go there for some food yesterday. 2) They were doing their homework when I entered their classroom. 3) Before he arrived at the cinema, the film had been on for four minutes. 4) He said he would com
5、e here to help us. 将来时 1) Will they visit the museum next Sunday? 2) I will be waiting for you at the school gate at 5 oclock tomorrow evening. 3) She will have finished the report by the end of next month. II. 语态语态 基本结构be + 动词的过去分词 现在时 1) Our bedroom is often kept clean every day. 2) Is our car bei
6、ng repaired in the garage now? 3) The building over there has been built. 过去时过去时 1)Was this dictionary bought last Tuesday? 2) The performance was being given in the street when I was passing by. 3) The operation had been carried out on Tom before his parents got to the hospital. 4) The manager said
7、 that the goods would be sent to the chain-shops as soon as possible 将来时 1) A new chemical works will be built among the hills far away from our town. 2) The meeting will have been ended by 6 oclock this afternoon. 宾语宾语 宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果, 是动作的承受者是动作的承受者. 宾语宾语 常用于常用于及物动词及物动词之后之后, 称为称为动词宾语动
8、词宾语. 介词后面的名词或介词后面的名词或 代词代词, 称为称为介词宾语介词宾语。名词、代词、动词。名词、代词、动词-ing、动词不定、动词不定 式、式、wh+动词不定式、从句动词不定式、从句 都可以作宾语。都可以作宾语。 宾语包括及物动词宾语和介词宾语。宾语包括及物动词宾语和介词宾语。 1) I dont know the man over there. 2) He wants to be an engineer. 3) Alice thinks it interesting to swim with her. 4) Did you enjoy playing games with them
9、 at the last party? 5) Do you know where to hold the sports meet? 6) I dont know where the sports meet will be held. 7) We are interested in English. 一一) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some
10、of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. 双宾语双宾语 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语: 直接宾语直接宾语(Direct Object)和间接宾语和间接宾语(Indirect Object), 称为双宾语称为双宾语. He gave me a book. 间接宾语间接宾语直接宾语直接宾语 表语表语 表语是用来说明主语的性质表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份身份,特征和状态。表语须特征和状态。
11、表语须 和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在 连系动词之后。表语可以由名词连系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形形容词或起名词和形 容词作用的词和短语担任。容词作用的词和短语担任。 1) He isnt a teacher. 2) John is quite tall. 3) Are they in ? 4) His full-time job is selling newspapers. 5) The cup is broken. 6) He was to leave when the phone rang. 8) The q
12、uestion is when and where we will go for a picnic. 9) The children are in the reading-room now. 句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思， 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语，才能必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语，才能 表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词连系动词。连系。连系 动词分别有：动词分别有：be, look, feel, smell, taste, be, look, feel, smell, taste, soundso
13、und，get, grow, become, turn, goget, grow, become, turn, go等。等。be be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义, ,只起连系主语和表语的作用。只起连系主语和表语的作用。 系动词 一 be动词类： am、 is 、are 、was 、were 二 表示变化类：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、 go 三 感官动词类: look sound smell taste feel appear, seem 四 表示延续性的动词 ：remain 、stay 、keep He is a student His face turne
14、d red The apple tastes sweet The soldier keeps still. (二二) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语 - The old man was feeling very tired. - The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the subject. 补足语补足语 补足语补足语在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还 需要有一个其他的句子成分，来需要有一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明补充说明宾语的意义
15、、状态等，宾语的意义、状态等， 称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。 可分为可分为主语补足语主语补足语和和宾语补足语宾语补足语 名词、形容词、表示方向地点的副词、动词名词、形容词、表示方向地点的副词、动词-ing、动词的过去分、动词的过去分 词、动词不定式、介词短语等都可以作补足语词、动词不定式、介词短语等都可以作补足语 1) We all made Jack monitor at the last class meeting. 2) Did you find our room very dirty? 3) Let him in, please. 4) Someone foun
16、d him swimming in the river when it was getting dark. 5) I heard him sing three pop songs in the next room last night. 6) I asked him to give her his uncles phone number. We found it difficult to solve this problem. 形式宾形式宾 语语 宾语补足语宾语补足语 真正宾语真正宾语 I think it necessary that we should vote on it. 形式宾语形式
17、宾语 宾语补足语宾语补足语 真正宾真正宾 语语 注意注意:在在let, make, watch, see, hear, feel等词等词 后后, 接动词不定式作宾补接动词不定式作宾补, 则须省去不定式则须省去不定式 符号符号to. We heard him sing in the next room. 可接形容词作宾补的动词有：可接形容词作宾补的动词有：make, get, keep, find, feel, leave, think, set, drive等。等。 (四四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read new
18、spapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. 定语定语 定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词，是对名词或代词起定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词，是对名词或代词起 修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用 的的表示。表示。 定语可分为：前置定语和后置定语
19、。定语可分为：前置定语和后置定语。 1) The tall boy is Toms elder brother. 2) The dancing hall is being repaired now. 3) The broken cup isnt mine. 4) The sleeping girl is my younger sister. 5) Something strange has happened. 6) Do you know the man in the picture? 7) She is the only women to attend the meeting. 8) No
20、one knows the cause of the accident. 9)The man who is coming toward us is my father (三三) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! 状语状语 用来修饰用来修饰动词、形容
21、词、副词或整个句子动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明说明地点地点 时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方向、程度、方时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方向、程度、方 式或伴随情况式或伴随情况的句子成分的句子成分, 被称为状语被称为状语(Adverbial). 可充可充 当状语的有当状语的有: a. 副词副词 Who can write beautifully? Please come here. b. 介词短语介词短语 Were going to spend the holiday at the seaside. c. 动词不定式短语动词不定式短语 His mother often com
22、es to see him. d. 分词分词 He came in, smiling. / Going eastward, youll moutains and thousands of lakes. f. 从句从句 As soon as the teacher came in, all the students stood up. 状语种类如下 How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. （原因状语） I shall go there
23、 if it doesnt rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works
24、 very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语） (五五) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Mi
25、ss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. 同位语同位语 在句子中在句子中, 一个名词或代词一个名词或代词, 或相当于名词的短语或从或相当于名词的短语或从 句句, 放在另一个名词或代词之后放在另一个名词或代词之后, 用以说明它的性质或情用以说明它的性质或情 况况, 被称为同位语被称
26、为同位语(Appositive). 可作同位语的通常有可作同位语的通常有: a. 名词名词 This is my best friend, Tom. b. 代词代词 We all got a surprise. c. 数词数词 This prize is for you two. d. 从句从句 I had no idea that you were here. 划分句子成分划分句子成分 1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school. 2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn
27、t dare open a window. 3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. 4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power. 1.You will tell （your） friend that youve got to school. 2. But as the moon gave far too much
28、 light, I didnt dare open a window. 3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be Upstairs at dusk (when the window was open). 主语谓语谓语间宾间宾 定语 直接宾语 原因状语原因状语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语 4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind, the thundering Clouds held me entirely in their power. 主语 主语 主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语 独立成分 有时句子中会有一些与句子
29、没有语法联系的成分，称为句 子独立成分 感叹词感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定词肯定词yes 否定词否定词no 称呼语称呼语：mum, dad。 插入语插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end 情态词情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状 语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然， 等。 简单句、并列句和复合句 （一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He i
30、s six years old; She didnt hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语） 和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e.g. He often reads En
31、glish in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分 号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在 一起构成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. He wants to go there but I dont hurry up, or you will be late. This house belongs to
32、 Mr.Smith；it costs millions of dollars. 3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句从句的句 子。复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句名词性从句、定语从句 和状语从句和状语从句等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall This is the book that I want. I think that he is right. 简单句的五种基本句型 1主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词：( S V) We work. She came My he
33、ad aches. The bell rang. 2主语+系动词+表语(SVC) 系动词 一 be动词类： am、 is 、are 、was 、were 二 表示变化类：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、 go 三 感官动词类: look sound smell taste feel appear, seem 四 表示延续性的动词 ：remain 、stay 、keep He is a student His face turned red The apple tastes sweet The soldier keeps still. 3主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO） e.
34、g. Henry bought a dictionary. Mike ate three cakes she drew a beautiful picture. 4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+ 直接宾语）(SVIOO)(SVOiO) e.g. My father bought me a car. -My father bought a car for me He gave me three yuan. -He gave three yuan to me 5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾 补）(SVOC) Tom made the baby laugh. We made him our monitor. I cant make myself understood. We want to have the desk repaired.
