1、专题专题 15 15 瞻前顾后瞻前顾后 阅读理解之词义猜测与细节理解阅读理解之词义猜测与细节理解 【20182018 年年考纲解读】考纲解读】 词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程， 即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词 义。考查范围涉及单词意义理解、短语意义理解、句子意义理解或代词指代对象的确定等。 【题型示例】【题型示例】 题型一题型一 词义猜测词义猜测 【题型特点】词义猜测题常见设问方式 1(1)What does the underlined word mean in the.?
2、 (2)The word “.” probably refers to. 其中均含有 word or underlined word。 2(1)The term/sentence in. can be replaced by. (2)What does the underlined phrase/sentence mean in the last paragraph? 【方法技巧】“一原则”、“二关注”速解词义猜测题 一原则 结合上下文 词义猜测题所提问的单词、词组或句子一般都是考生不认识的，即使认识，正确答案也未必是熟悉的 含义。这种题目目的就是希望考生能结合上下文，来理解不认识的单词、词组
3、或句子。 二关注 关注并列转折部分 这是做词义猜测题的一大利器。因为由并列转折连接的两部分会存在语义含义和成分的对应。所以如 果有一个单词不认识，就可以在与其并列或转折部分的信息中找对应信息。 关注解释说明部分 分析试题可以发现，其实出题者在出一些词义猜测题的时候也是动了恻隐之心的。会在晦涩难懂的信 息附近存在一个解释说明部分，解释说明部分的标志有逗号、冒号、破折号、双引号等。 Capital City Capital City Bike Tour In Washington, D.C.Bike Tour In Washington, D.C. Duration:3 hours Morning
4、 or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D. C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most ,interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. Comfortable bikes
5、 and a smooth tour route(路线）make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour Duration:3 hours(7miles) Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close
6、 to the monuments and memorials as your bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights. 21. Wh
7、ich tour do you need to book in advance? A. Cherry Blossom like Tour in Washington, D.C. B. Washington capital Monuments Bicycle Tour. C. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D. C. D. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour. 22. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour? A. Meet famous
8、people. B. Go to a national park. C. Visit well-known museums. D. Enjoy interesting stories. 23. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide? A. City maps. B. Cameras. C. Meals D. Safety lights 【答案】21. A 22. D 23. D 【解析】本文是一篇广告应用文。文章介绍了骑自行车到 Washington, D.C.旅游的四中路线的相关行 程及注意事项。 23.
9、细节理解题。根据文章 Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour 中的 All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.可知，所有骑行者都要装备反光背心和安全手电筒。 故选 D。 B B Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role sho
10、wing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day. And the Good Mornin
11、g Britain presenter says shes been able to put a lot of what shes leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11. We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant, she explains. I pay 5 for a portion(一份), but M
12、att makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes were not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. The eight-part series(系列节自), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITVs Save Money: Good Health, whi
13、ch gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market. With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonights Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspir
14、ation on a budget. The team transforms the familys long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes. 24. What do we know about Susanna Reid? 【变式探究】【2018江苏】请认真阅读下列短文请认真阅读下列短文, , 从短文后各题所给的从短文后各题所给的A A、B B、C C、D D 四个选项中四个选项中, , 选选 出最佳选项出最佳选项, , 并并 在答题卡上将该项涂黑。在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A A The M
15、etropolitan Museum of ArtThe Metropolitan Museum of Art 1000 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10028 211-535-7710 www.metmuseum.org EntrancesEntrances Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street HoursHours Open 7 days a week. Sunday-Thursday 10:00-17:30 Friday and Saturday 10:00-21:00 Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,J
16、anuary 1,and the first Monday in May. AdmissionAdmission $25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters(回廊）on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult. Free with AdmissionFree with Admission All special exhibitions, as well
17、as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks, and family/childrens programs are free with admission. Ask about todays activities at the Great Hall Information Desk. The Cloisters Museum and GardensThe Cloisters Museum and Gardens The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metro
18、politan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages. The extensive collection consists of masterworks in sculpture, colored glass, and precious objects from Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15th century. Hours: Open 7 days a week. March-October 10:00-17:15 N
19、ovember-February 10:00-16:45 Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,and January 1. 56. How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum? A. $12. B. $37. C. $ 50. D. $ 62 57. The attraction of the Cloisters museum and gardens lies in the fact that _. A.it opens all
20、the year round B. its collections date from the Middle Ages C.it has a modern European-style garden D.it sells excellent European glass collections 【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了英国艺术博物馆和修道院博物馆的参观指南，包括参观 时间、价格、特点等。 56.C 细节理解题。根据 Admission 部分和 Free with Admission 部分，根据“$25.00 recommended for adults”可知，成人 25 美元每
21、人；根据“All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks, and family/childrens programs are free with admission”可知， 带孩子的家庭中孩子免费，故 C 父母及他们 11 岁的女儿总计付 50 美元，故选 C 项。 B B In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有）a special meat soup calle
22、d consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant. Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that inf
23、luence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食）when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty. Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customer
24、s ate in darkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert. Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Un
25、like fast-food places. fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）.When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also
26、have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent. Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables, crowding. high prices dont necessarily. Diners at bad tables next to the kitchen door, say spent
27、nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not be overly concerned about bad tables, given that theyre profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a b
28、uffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier. 58. The underlined phrase none the wiser in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were . A. not aware of eating more than usual B. not willing to share food with others C. not conscious of the food quality D. not
29、 fond of the food provided 59. How could a fine dining shop make more profit? A. playing classical music. B. Introducing lemon scent. C. Making the light brighter, D. Using plates of larger size. 60. What does the last paragraph talk about? A. Tips to attract more customers. B. Problems restaurants
30、are faced with. C. Ways to improve restaurants reputation. D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants. 【答案】58. A 59. A 60. D 【解析】本文为议论文。本文介绍了现代餐馆刺激消费和食欲的几种方法，以及人们对餐厅的一些错 误看法。 59. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的 One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）可知，要想让客人呆的时间更长
31、应该播放莫扎特等古典音乐而不是 流行音乐。Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草） stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.引入薰衣草香而不是柠檬 香，而 D 项文章没有提及，所以用排除方法可以选 A。 60. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段第一句 Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad
32、 tables, crowding，high prices dont necessarily.可知，你认为可能会影响人们 消费的因素如：不好的桌子，拥挤以及高价等不一定会真影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所 以本段主要讲的是人们对于饭店的几个误解，故选 D。 上面临的巨大压力。故 B 正确。 67. 细节理解题。根据文章第九段 children compared themselves to others online in a way that was hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their
33、confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves.可知，孩子在网上与其他人比较损害他们的自尊心， 自信心以及自我发展的能力。故 B 正确。 68. 推理判断题。根据文章第 12 段 However, the researchinvolving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.可知，随
34、着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据 13 段 By the time they started secondary schoolat age 11children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.可以推断出，他们的压力源于他们 渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎、被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。故选 D。 69. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段 Its also
35、hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.可以推断出,父母需要了解孩子在使用什么 apps，所以应该时刻跟踪了解孩子 对于社交 app 的使用。故选 C。 70. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段 Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.可知，本文为新闻报道体，文章主要介绍青少 年变得越来越依赖社交媒体。再根
36、据全文内容可知文章主要介绍了社交媒体对孩子的影响，故 A 正确。 【变式探究】(2017天津，C) This month, Germanys transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The p
37、roposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury; that it neve
38、r distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheelto check email, saythe cars maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt. It will put fully dri
39、verless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption b
40、ehind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say driverless cars， people expect driverless cars，” Merat says.
41、 “You knowno driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is h
42、appening in the UK and Singapore, where governmentprovided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo. 1.What does th
43、e phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to？ AA place where cars often break down. BA case where passing a law is impossible. CAn area where no driving is permitted. DA situation where drivers role is not clear. 2.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to_. Astop people from breaking traffic
44、rules Bhelp promote fully automatic driving Cprotect drivers of all ages and races Dprevent serious property damage 解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段说交通道路法规中关于 自主驾驶车辆的这种变化将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知， 选 B。 3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars？ AIt sho
45、uld get the attention of insurance companies. BIt should be the main concern of law makers. CIt should not cause deadly traffic accidents. DIt should involve no human responsibility. 解析：考查推理判断。题干询问消费者(乘客)对于无人驾驶汽车的看法，在谈到谁应承担无人驾驶车 辆的责任时，第七段说，当你说无人驾驶车辆的时候，人们以为是没有司机，从这些信息可以推断出，消 费者在这种情况下会觉得没有为无人驾驶车辆的安全问
46、题负责的人，故选 D。 B B Many of us love July because its the month when natures berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbias fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection. Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although,
47、because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are a
48、ntioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C. When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for free
49、zing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer. If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a childrens party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and w
